On the basis of the studies of Xishuangbanna natural conditions, social economic conditions and the strategic needs of the country, this paper expounds and proves that the chief object to be protected in the Xishuangbanna. Reserve is the tropical forest ecosystem or the tropical biological ecosystem, with woody plants, including precious, unusual, peculiar or ancient plants, animals and micro-organisms, etc, as its major components, the important role played by the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve in local economic and social development is simultaneously studied.