This paper reports on the basic principle and method of the wax-chromium Replica Technique and its application to wood investigation. The replicating procedure included the Preparation of wood specimens, chromium projection, carbon evaporation, wax backing and removal of wood and wax backing, Samples used in this experiment were Chinese fir, khingan fir and masson pine. Results of observation showed that applying the wax-chromium Replica technique to the transmission electron microscope was an effective way for studying the surface characteristics of wood cell walls since it possessed a high resolution capability.