Diversity of aquatic vascular plants in Anhui province was investigated based on the field survey and literatures. The results showed that there were 142 species, 6 varieties, and 3 subspecies belonging to 76 genera and 41 families. They could he divided into four life forms, of which the emergent plants shared the highest proportion (56. 7%) and the floating plants shared the lowest (7. 3%). The aquatic vegetation could be classified into 18 major types of association. The threatened status of the aquatic vascular plants’ diversity was described. Some suggestions of restoration and conservation for the diversity were put forward.