Effects of vegetation distribution on the carbon neutrality performance of urban green spaces

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202206031

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2024, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (2): 209-218.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202206031

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Effects of vegetation distribution on the carbon neutrality performance of urban green spaces

YANG Yunfeng(), YU Chunhua

College of Landscape Architecture,Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing 210037, China

Received:2022-06-20 Revised:2022-12-10 Online:2024-03-30 Published:2024-04-08

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 To provide a theoretical reference for urban green space construction under the “Dual Carbon” goal, we established a carbon neutrality performance evaluation system and analyzed the impacts of vegetation distribution on the carbon neutrality performance of green spaces. 【Method】 Based on life cycle assessments, green space construction was divided into three stages: material production and transportation, site construction and planting, and green space operation and maintenance, which were combined with open, semi-open, covered and closed vegetation types. Carbon emissions and sink simulations were performed to analyze the carbon neutrality performance.【Result】 When the vegetation type changed from openness to closedness, the total carbon emissions increased rapidly and the trend accelerated. The proportions of carbon sources in the three stages decreased, leveled out and increased, respectively. The total carbon sink and net carbon neutrality both increased gradually. The number of years of carbon neutrality decreased gradually, from 43.9 years for open vegetation to 24.6 years for closed vegetation. These trends implied that there was a limit to the degree of vegetation shading for improving the carbon neutrality performance.【Conclusion】 Vegetation type clearly has an impact on the carbon neutrality performance. In terms of carbon sources, strategies such as reducing machinery use, selecting environmentally friendly materials, controlling construction damage, and improving energy utilization efficiency are suggested. For carbon sinks, strategies such as selecting tree species that have dominant local carbon sinks, adjusting the structures of vegetation communities, and regulating and managing green spaces along with life cycles are suggested. Ultimately, we postulate that green space carbon neutrality performance can be achieved by adapting to local conditions.

Key words: green space, carbon neutrality performance, carbon emission, carbon sink, life cycle assessment, spatial type of vegetation

CLC Number:

YANG Yunfeng, YU Chunhua. Effects of vegetation distribution on the carbon neutrality performance of urban green spaces[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2024, 48(2): 209-218.

Figures/Tables 15

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Quantitative assessment system for carbon neutrality in green space construction"

目标层 target	项目层 item	阶段层 stage	指标层 index	计算方法 calculation method
碳中和系数 carbon neutrality coefficient	碳排放 $C C O 2$	材料生产与运输C_P	硬质材料生产	材料数量×材料CO₂排放量
			硬质材料运输	运输量×车辆油耗系数×往返距离×柴油CO₂系数
			植物材料运输	车辆油耗系数×车辆数×往返距离×柴油CO₂系数
		场地施工与种植C_C	建筑清理、平整场地	各类机械每台班油耗系数×台班数×柴油CO₂系数
			建筑垃圾外运、土方运入	运输量×车辆油耗系数×往返距离×柴油CO₂系数
			地形塑造、植物栽植	各类机械每台班油耗系数×台班数×柴油CO₂系数
			员工通勤	汽车油耗系数×车辆数×往返距离×汽油CO₂系数
		绿地运营与维护C_O	植物修剪、取水灌溉	机械耗电量×电能转换CO₂系数
			肥料养护	数量×碳排系数
			灯具能耗	各类灯具功率×数量×电能转换CO₂系数
			小型建筑能耗	建筑耗电功率×电能转换CO₂系数
			旅游垃圾、绿化垃圾处理	车辆运输量×柴油CO₂系数
			铺装更换、绿篱乔木补植	车辆油耗系数×车辆数×往返距离×柴油CO₂系数
	碳汇 $C S, C O 2$		植被吸收C_S1	乔灌木逐年碳汇量×对应株数
			水域吸收C_S2	水域面积×碳汇系数
			土壤吸收C_S3	土壤面积×碳汇系数

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

Table 11

Table 12

Comparison of carbon neutrality performance of the four vegetation spatial types"

植被空间类型 vegetation spatial type	C_P/t	C_C/t	C_O/t	$C C O 2$ /t	$C S, C O 2$ /t	C_CN/t	N/a
开敞型open type	1 853.38	126.51	1 652.76	3 632.64	4 600.57	967.93	43.9
半开敞型semi-open type	1 863.11	129.47	1 824.83	3 817.41	8 043.23	4 225.82	32.7
覆盖型covered type	1 873.66	135.39	2 160.08	4 169.15	11 256.65	7 087.49	27.8
遮蔽型closed type	1 883.61	141.32	2 494.73	4 519.66	14 439.93	9 920.27	24.6

Table 12

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

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植被空间类型 vegetation spatial type	通透性 accessibility	郁闭度 crown density	种植密度/ (株·hm^-2) planting density	类型描述 description
开敞型open type	通透	≤0.1	≤300	空间顶面开敞,以低矮灌木及草坪作为主导要素
半开敞型semi-open type	受限制	(0.1,0.3]	(300,600]	空间顶面开敞,丛状乔灌木限制视线的完全穿透
覆盖型covered type	局部不通透	(0.3,0.7]	(600,900]	空间顶面较遮蔽,乔木层高度均一,冠下可进入
遮蔽型closed type	基本不通透	>0.7	>900	空间顶面遮蔽,乔灌草隔绝视线,人群无法进入

目标 target	计算方程 calculation quation	备注 remark	文献 reference
乔木材积tree volume	V=f×(H+3)×g	V为材积;f为实验形数,取0.4;H为株高,m;g为胸高断面积,cm²	[20]
乔木碳储量carbon storage of trees	C_a1=V×p×B×w×R	C_a1为乔木碳储量;p为木材密度,取0.52;B为生物量扩展因子,取1.4;w为植物含碳率,取0.48;R为根冠比,取1.24;	[20]
灌木碳储量carbon storage of shrubs	C_a2=0.182 φ^2.487×R	C_a2为灌木碳储量;φ为基径,cm;R为根冠比,取1.24;	[21]
总碳储量total carbon storage	T= C_a₁+ C_a₂	T为总碳储量
常绿乔木胸径函数 DBH function of evergreen trees	Ф=0.396 a^1.275
常绿乔木株高函数 height function of evergreen trees	H=0.311 a^1.107	a为树龄;Ф为胸径,cm;H为株高,m	自拟合
落叶乔木胸径函数 DBH function of deciduous trees	Ф=1.415 a^0.881
落叶乔木株高函数 height function of deciduous trees	H=1.471 a^0.738

硬质材料 hard material	生产阶段production stage			运输阶段haulage stage
硬质材料 hard material	工程量 quantities	CO₂排放系数 CO₂ emission coefficient	CO₂排放量/kg CO₂ emission	运输量/t transportation	柴油货车 vehicle model	CO₂排放系数 CO₂ emission coefficient	距离/km distance	CO₂排放量/kg CO₂ emission
混凝土砖concrete brick	113.35 m³	336.00^[16]	38 085.60	278.84	重型(46t)	0.057^[16]	200	6 357.57
沥青混凝土asphalt concrete	1 545.37 t	439.00^[13]	678 418.31	1 545.37	重型(46t)	0.057^[16]	200	35 234.48
透水砖water permeable brick	55.00 m³	204.00^[16]	11 220.00	129.80	重型(46t)	0.057^[16]	200	2 959.44
C30混凝土道牙C30 concrete strut	211.50 m³	295.00^[16]	62 392.50
C30混凝土C30 concrete	2 071.95 m³	295.00^[16]	611 225.25	5 388.94	重型(46t)	0.057^[16]	200	122 867.88
重型车(46t)vehicle	0.057	40.00^[16]	1 488.07
水泥cement	326.33 t	735.00^[16]	239 854.09	326.33	重型(46t)	0.057^[16]	40	1 488.07
碎石crushed stone	3 211.52 t	2.18^[16]	7 001.12
沙sand	497.27 t	2.51^[16]	1 248.14
条石汀步lath stone	1.08 m³	38.89^[17]	42.00	3 709.87	重型(46t)	0.057^[16]	40	16 917.01
不锈钢收边stainless steel	2.03 t	2 050.00^[16]	4 167.96	2.03	轻型(2t)	0.286^[16]	40	46.52
总计total			1 653 654.97					185 870.98

项目 item	植被 vegetation	工作量 amount	车型 vehicle model	CO₂排放量系数/ (kg·L^-1) CO₂ emission coefficient	距离 distance	CO₂排放量/kg CO₂ emission
起运shipment	乔木	187 h	汽车式起重机(油耗23 L/h)	2.73	—	11 741.73
运输transportation	乔木	40车	重型柴油货车(100 km油耗40 L)	2.73	85 km	7 425.60
	灌木及草坪	28车	重型柴油货车(100 km油耗34 L)	2.73	85 km	4 418.23
总计total						23 585.56

项目 item	设备名称 equipment	台班能耗或运输量 consumption or transportation	数量 quantity	台班/距离 shift or distance	CO₂排放量系数 CO₂ emission coefficient	CO₂排放量/kg CO₂ emission
建筑清理 job cleanup	挖掘机(大)	63.0 L柴油/台班	2	5台班	2.73^[13]	1 719.90
	挖掘机(中)	33.7 L柴油/台班	3	8台班	2.73^[13]	2 208.02
	装载机	58.0 L柴油/台班	3	12台班	2.73^13]	5 700.24
平整场地land grading	推土机	41.0 L柴油/台班	2	5台班	2.73^[13]	1 119.30
建筑垃圾外运garbage export	重型柴油货车	约1 200 t	—	40 km	0.057^[16]	5 472.00
土方运入earth transportation	起重机(大)	63.5 L柴油/台班	3	5台班	2.73^[13]	2 600.33
	重型柴油货车	约20 654 t	—	40 km	0.057^[16]	94 182.70
地形塑造terrain shaping	压路机	42.0 L柴油/台班	1	15台班	2.73^[13]	1 719.90
	挖掘机(中)	33.7 L柴油/台班	3	18台班	2.73^[13]	4 968.05
	推土机	41.0 L柴油/台班	2	12台班	2.73^[13]	2 686.32
	振动压路机	42.0 L柴油/台班	1	8台班	2.73^[13]	917.28
植物栽植 plant setting	挖掘机(中)	33.7 L柴油/台班	3	10台班	2.73^[13]	2 760.03
	起重机(中)	32.2 L柴油/台班	3	12台班	2.73^[13]	3 164.62
总计total						129 218.69

Effects of vegetation distribution on the carbon neutrality performance of urban green spaces

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运营维护项目 operation maintenance project	总消耗量 total consumption	CO₂排放量系数 CO₂ emission coefficient	CO₂排放量/kg CO₂ emission
植物修剪plant pruning	约525 L	2.20^[19]	1 155.0
取水灌溉water irrigation	约14 857 t	0.30^[16]	4 457.1
肥料养护fertilizer curing	约1.5 t	260.28^[19]	390.4
旅游垃圾tourist waste	约30 L柴油	2.73^[13]	81.9
绿化垃圾green waste	约180 L柴油	2.73^[13]	491.4
总计total			6 575.8

类型 type	数量 quantity	功率/W power	年耗电量/ (kW·h) annual electricity consumption	CO₂排放量系数 CO₂ emission coefficient	CO₂排放量/t CO₂ emission
路灯street lamp	78	45	15 373.8	0.792 1	12.18
射树灯 tree-shooting lamp	10	60	2 628.0	0.792 1	2.08
装配式厕所 prefabricated toilet	1	360	3 153.6	0.792 1	2.50
总计total					16.76

绿地更新项目 green space renewal project	内容 content	CO₂排放量/kg CO₂ emission
损坏的铺装damaged pavement	各类石材及铺砖,5 a更换率8%	132 292.40
运输新的铺装transport of new pavement	重型柴油货车1车,距离200 km,5 a更换率8%	14 869.68
运输补植绿篱transport replanting hedge	重型柴油货车1车,距离85 km,5 a更换率10%	441.82
运输补植乔木transport replanting trees	重型柴油货车3车,距离85 km,5 a更换率10%	1 916.73
总计total		149 520.63

分类 category	公式 formula	R²	F	P
常绿乔木胸径 DBH of evergreen trees	幂	0.961	2 175.16	<0.001
常绿乔木株高 height of evergreen trees	幂	0.927	782.28	<0.001
落叶乔木胸径 DBH of deciduous trees	幂	0.931	2 675.62	<0.001
落叶乔木株高 height of deciduous trees	幂	0.753	506.15	<0.001

植物plant	H/m	Ф/cm	φ/cm	C_a1 (50 a)/ kg	C_b1 (50 a)/ kg	数量/株 quantity	面积/m² area	T(50a)/t
香樟Cinnamomum camphora	8.0	15	—	22 421.30	—	132	—	2 959.61
广玉兰Magnolia grandiflora	7.0	12	—	19 316.10	—	34	—	656.75
金桂Osmanthus fragrans	5.0	8	—	14 811.52	—	43	—	636.90
三角枫Acer buergerianum	10.0	15	—	12 162.81	—	10	—	121.63
无患子Sapindus mukorossi	10.0	15	—	12 162.81	—	17	—	206.77
乌桕Triadica sebifera	8.0	12	—	10 955.66	—	53	—	580.65
黄山栾树Koelreuteria bipinnata var. integrifoliola	8.0	12	—	10 955.66	—	112	—	1 227.03
榉树Zelkova schneideriana	8.0	12	—	10 955.66	—	47	—	514.92
银杏Ginkgo biloba	8.0	12	—	10 955.66	—	20	—	219.11
白玉兰M. denudata	8.0	12	—	10 955.66	—	10	—	109.56
紫叶李Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea	7.0	10	—	10 177.45	—	8	—	81.42
二乔玉兰M. × soulangeana	7.0	10	—	10 177.45	—	12	—	122.13
日本早樱Prunus subhirtella	6.0	8	—	9 421.37	—	32	—	301.48
垂丝海棠Malus halliana	3.0	4	—	7 634.42	—	30	—	229.03
春鹃Rhododendron × pulchrum	0.3	12	12	—	8.65	—	400	3.46
红花檵木Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum	0.4	15	15	—	15.07	—	220	3.32
金森女贞Ligustrum japonicum‘Howardii’	0.4	15	15	—	15.07	—	200	3.01
大叶黄杨Euonymus japonicus	1.0	20	20	—	30.82	42		1.29
红叶石楠Photinia × fraseri	1.0	20	20	—	30.82	30		0.92
无刺枸骨Ilex cornuta‘Fortunei’	1.0	20	20	—	30.82	20		0.62
总计total								7 979.62

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