Regularities of fruit growing and development and its inclusion of Xanthoceras sorbifolium

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202401027

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (2): 31-37.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202401027

Previous Articles Next Articles

Regularities of fruit growing and development and its inclusion of Xanthoceras sorbifolium

LI Yuyan¹(), AO Yan¹^,^*(), ZHAO Leilei², XU Xiangyin², CHEN Yuhong³, NA Risu⁴

1. State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, School of Forestry,Beijing Forestry University, National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, Beijing 100083, China
2. Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Onniute Banner, Chifeng 024500, China
3. Forest Grassland Protection and Development Center of Akeerqin Banner, Chifeng 025550, China
4. Alukeerqin Banner, Ba Ri Tu Mechanical Fire Prevention Station, Chifeng 025550, China

Received:2024-01-30 Accepted:2024-04-03 Online:2025-03-30 Published:2025-03-28
Contact: AO Yan E-mail:aliceliyuyan@gmail.com;aoyan316@163.com

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Xanthoceras sorbifolium is a unique woody oil-bearing tree species native to China. In addition to the value of its seed oil, the saponins in the fruit husk also have significant utilization values in production. This study aims to analyze the dynamic changes in fruit morphological traits, kernel oil content, saponin, soluble sugar, and starch content during the growth and development of fruits from superior clonal lines of X. sorbifolium, intending to provide a scientific basis for the efficient cultivation and fruit harvesting strategies. 【Method】 The study observed the dynamic changes in the growth and development of the fruits and their internal content and constructed a growth model accordingly. 【Result】 (1) The development processes of fruit transverse and longitudinal diameters followed sigmoid growth curves. Fruit development can be divided into four stages: the initial growth stage (1-16 days after flowering), the rapid growth stage (17-38 days after flowering), the late growth stage (39-45 days after flowering), and the fruit maturity stage (46-80 days after flowering). (2) The key periods for accumulating seed oil and fruit peel saponins were 45-80 days and 55-65 days after flowering, respectively. The peak values appeared at 80 days (62.75%) and 65 days (1.599%). Peak values for soluble sugars and starch occurred at 75 and 65 days after flowering. (3) The contents of saponin, soluble sugar, and starch in the fruit showed a highly significant positive correlation with the transverse and longitudinal diameters and the fruit’s fresh weight. 【Conclusion】 The optimal harvesting period for X. sorbifolium fruits for oil usage is 75-80 days after flowering, during which the transverse diameter of the fruit ranges from 64.82 to 66.47 mm, and the longitudinal diameter from 67.26 to 69.97 mm. For saponin usage, 60-65 days after flowering is suitable for fruit harvest, at which time the transverse diameter of fruits is 62.64 to 63.63 mm, and the longitudinal diameter is 65.57 to 65.94 mm.

Key words: Xanthoceras sorbifolium, fruit development, nutshell inclusion, saponin

CLC Number:

S565.9

LI Yuyan, AO Yan, ZHAO Leilei, XU Xiangyin, CHEN Yuhong, NA Risu. Regularities of fruit growing and development and its inclusion of Xanthoceras sorbifolium[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2025, 49(2): 31-37.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 1

Logistic models of fruit growth indexes of Xanthoceras sorbifolium"

指标index	方程equation	F	R	生长时间/d growth time
指标index	方程equation	F	R	t₁	t₂	t₃
横径transverse diameter	y= 64.654/ (1+23.451 $e - 0.12 x$ )	155.248	0.987	16	26	38
纵径longitudinal diameter	y= 67.973/ (1+20.359 $e - 0.114 x$ )	39.261	0.986	15	26	38
果实鲜质量 fruit fresh weight	y= 107.77/ (1+331.097 $e - 0.181 x$ )	43.797	0.920	24	32	39

Table 1

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Table 2

References 31

[1]	中国科学院《中国植物志》编辑委员会. 中国植物志第九卷第二分册[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2002.
[2]	张毅, 敖妍, 刘觉非, 等. 文冠果物候期对环境因子的响应[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 43(5):30-36.
	ZHANG Y, AO Y, LIU J F, et al. Response of phenophase of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge to environmental factors[J]. J Nanjing For Univ (Nat Sci Ed), 2019, 43(5):30-36.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201809024.
[3]	杨帆, 韩沙沙, 南易, 等. 文冠果研究开发进展[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2021, 46(17):4334-4343.
	YANG F, HAN S S, NAN Y, et al. Progress in research and development of Xanthoceras sorbifolia[J]. China J Chin Mater Med, 2021, 46(17):4334-4343.DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20210524.603.
[4]	敖妍. 不同地区文冠果群体种子含油率·产量变异规律[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2009, 37(25):11967-11969.
	AO Y. Variation law of seed oil content and yield of Xanthoceras sorbifolia populations in different areas[J]. J Anhui Agric Sci, 2009, 37(25):11967-11969.DOI: 10.13989/j.cnki.0517-6611.2009.25.091.
[5]	丁明秀, 敖妍. 文冠果开花座果研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2008, 24(10):381-384.
	DING M X, AO Y. Research progress on the flowering and fruit set of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge[J]. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2008, 24(10):381-384.
[6]	李光勋, 王力华, 陈玮. 分光光度法测定文冠果壳总皂苷含量研究[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2008, 36(8):3071-3072.
	LI G X, WANG L H, CHEN W. Determination on content of total saponins in the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge based on spectrophotometry[J]. J Anhui Agric Sci, 2008, 36(8):3071-3072.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2008.08.012.
[7]	李占林. 文冠果果壳化学成分及其生物活性研究[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳药科大学, 2006.
[8]	RAFALSKI A. Applications of single nucleotide polymorphisms in crop genetics[J]. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2002, 5(2):94-100.DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(02)00240-6.
[9]	CHEN G, XIE Y M, ZHOU D, et al. In vivo evaluation and atom-based 3D-QSAR studies on saponins from shells of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge as anti-AD agents[J]. Bioorg Chem, 2020,94:103412.DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103412.
[10]	ZHANG H M, ZHOU Q C. Tyrosinase inhibitory effects and antioxidative activities of saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolia nutshell[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(8):e70090.DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070090.
[11]	KOUSAR F, NOOMRIO M H, TALPUR M M, et al. Two new lignan glycosides from Trachelospermum lucidum (D.Don) Schum[J]. J Asian Nat Prod Res, 2008, 10(3/4):317-322.DOI: 10.1080/10286020701782692.
[12]	DING K W, GUO S R, RONG W W, et al. A new oleanane type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge and its neuroprotection on PC12 cells injury induced by Aβ_25-35[J]. Nat Prod Res, 2020, 34(22):3212-3218.DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1557172.
[13]	周宸, 巩婷, 陈晶晶, 等. 三萜皂苷生物合成相关糖基转移酶研究进展[J]. 生物工程学报, 2022, 38(3): 1004-1024.
	ZHOU C, GONG T, CHEN J J, et al. The glycosyltransferases involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis: a review[J]. Chin J Biotech, 2022, 38(3): 1004-1024.
[14]	马利苹, 王力华, 阴黎明, 等. 乌丹地区文冠果生物学特性及物候观测[J]. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19(12):2583-2587.
	MA L P, WANG L H, YIN L M, et al. Biology and phenology of Xanthoceras sorbifolia in Wudan area[J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19(12):2583-2587.
[15]	郭影, 王世成, 窦德强. 不同产地文冠果果壳中总皂苷含量测定[J]. 辽宁中医药大学学报, 2009, 11(5):165-166.
	GUO Y, WANG S C, DOU D Q. Determination of the content of total saponins in the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge[J]. J Liaoning Univ Tradit Chin Med, 2009, 11(5):165-166.DOI: 10.13194/j.jlunivtcm.2009.05.167.guoy.108.
[16]	吴伟杰, 李博生. 泡沫分离法提取文冠果果皮皂苷的工艺条件[J]. 浙江农业科学, 2010, 51(4):816-820.
	WU W J, LI B S. Technological conditions of extracting saponins from Xanthoceras sorbifolia peel by foam separation[J]. J Zhejiang Agric Sci, 2010, 51(4):816-820.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0528-9017.2010.04.043.
[17]	李兴旭, 陈雯柏, 王一群, 等. 基于级联视觉检测的樱桃番茄自动采收系统设计与试验[J]. 农业工程学报, 2023, 39(1):136-145.
	LI X X, CHEN W B, WANG Y Q, et al. Design and experiment of an automatic cherry tomato harvesting system based on cascade vision detection[J]. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng, 2023, 39(1):136-145.DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.202210099.
[18]	王藝锦. 辽宁省朝阳市日光温室种植结构与效益分析[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳农业大学, 2019.
[19]	SUN C W, WANG J W, DUAN J, et al. Association of fruit and seed traits of Sapindus mukorossi germplasm with environmental factors in Southern China[J]. Forests, 2017, 8(12):491.DOI: 10.3390/f8120491.
[20]	王旭. 文冠果性别分化关键期microRNA及矿质营养研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2020.
	WANG X. MicroRNA and mineral nutrition in the critical period of sex differentiation of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge[D]. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2020.DOI: 10.26949/d.cnki.gblyu.2020.000855.
[21]	郑玉琳, 刘济铭, 史双龙, 等. 无患子果实成熟过程及其油脂、皂苷动态变化[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 45(4):76-82.
	ZHENG Y L, LIU J M, SHI S L, et al. Maturation processes and the dynamics of oil and saponin in Sapindus mukorossi[J]. J Nanjing For Univ (Nat Sci Ed), 2021, 45(4):76-82.DOI:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202103047.
[22]	崔党群. Logistic曲线方程的解析与拟合优度测验[J]. 数理统计与管理, 2005, 24(1):112-115.
	CUI D Q. Analysis and making good fitting degree test for Logistic curve regression equation[J]. Appl Stat Manag, 2005, 24(1):112-115.DOI: 10.13860/j.cnki.sltj.2005.01.020.
[23]	徐圆圆, 贾黎明, 赵国春, 等. 无患子果实生长发育及其内含物的变化特征[J]. 西北植物学报, 2022, 42(12):2061-2072.
	XU Y Y, JIA L M, ZHAO G C, et al. Regularities of fruit growing and development and its inclusion of Sapindus mukorossi[J]. Acta Bot Boreali Occidentalia Sin, 2022, 42(12):2061-2072.DOI: 10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2022.12.2061.
[24]	KOCHAN E, SZYMANSKA G, SZYMCZYK P. Effect of sugar concentration on ginsenoside biosynthesis in hairy root cultures of Panax quinquefolium cultivated in shake flasks and nutrient sprinkle bioreactor[J]. Acta Physiol Plant, 2014, 36(3):613-619.DOI: 10.1007/s11738-013-1439-y.
[25]	LIU H J, GU H R, YE C, et al. Planting density affects Panax notoginseng growth and ginsenoside accumulation by balancing primary and secondary metabolism[J]. Front Plant Sci, 2021,12:628294.DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628294.
[26]	徐圆圆, 陈仲, 贾黎明, 等. 植物三萜皂苷生物合成途径及调控机制研究进展[J]. 中国科学:生命科学, 2021, 51(5):525-555.
	XU Y Y, CHEN Z, JIA L M, et al. Advances in understanding of the biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanism of triterpenoid saponins in plants[J]. Sci Sin (Vitae), 2021, 51(5):525-555.DOI: 10.1360/SSV-2020-0230.
[27]	熊绵靖, 唐其, 马小军. 罗汉果三萜皂苷生物合成规律研究探讨[J]. 广东药学院学报, 2011, 27(5):543-548.
	XIONG M J, TANG Q, MA X J. Biosynthesis of triterpene glycoside in Lo Han Kuo[J]. J Guangdong Pharm Univ, 2011, 27(5):543-548.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8783.2011.05.027.
[28]	EL ZEIN R, BRÉDA N, GÉRANT D, et al. Nitrogen sources for current-year shoot growth in 50-year-old sessile oak trees:an in situ (15)N labeling approach[J]. Tree Physiol, 2011, 31(12):1390-1400.DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr118.
[29]	柴春山, 芦娟, 蔡国军, 等. 文冠果人工种群的果实发育与落花落果特性研究[J]. 植物研究, 2012, 32(1):110-114.
	CHAI C S, LU J, CAI G J, et al. Characteristics of fruit development and flower and fruit drops of artificial population of Xanthoceras sorbifolia[J]. Bull Bot Res, 2012, 32(1):110-114.
[30]	刘波, 王力华, 阴黎明, 等. 两种林龄文冠果叶N、P、K的季节变化及再吸收特征[J]. 生态学杂志, 2010, 29(7):1270-1276.
	LIU B, WANG L H, YIN L M, et al. Seasonal variation and resorption characteristics of leaf N,P,and K in two aged Xanthoceras sorbifolia plantations[J]. Chin J Ecol, 2010, 29(7):1270-1276.DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.2010.0217.
[31]	赵娜, 张媛, 王静, 等. 文冠果种子发育及油脂累积与糖类、蛋白质累积之间的关系研究[J]. 植物研究, 2015, 35(1):133-140,145.
	ZHAO N, ZHANG Y, WANG J, et al. Seed development,lipid accumulation and its relationship with carbohydrates and protein in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge[J]. Bull Bot Res, 2015, 35(1):133-140,145.DOI: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2015.01.020.

Related Articles 14

[1]	QI Ya, WANG Gaiping, XUANYUAN Xintong, PENG Daqing, LI Shuomin, LI Shouke, CAO Fuliang. Evaluation of medicinal asexual strains of Xanthoceras sorbifolium [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2025, 49(2): 38-44.
[2]	ZHANG Wei, LI Linkun, LIANG Chongjun, WANG Libing. Cloning, transcriptional activation, and tissue expression analysis of XsWRI1 from Xanthoceras sorbifolium [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2025, 49(2): 23-30.
[3]	XU Huihui, BAN Zhuo, WANG Chenxue, BI Quanxin, LIU Xiaojuan, WANG Libing. The identification and functional analysis of BZR1 genes in yellowhorn [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2025, 49(2): 12-22.
[4]	ZONG Jianwei, LI Cheng, ZHANG Jing, YANG Yuhua. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and physiological characteristics of Xanthoceras sorbifolium under salt stress [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2024, 48(4): 168-176.
[5]	YANG Suzhi, DUAN Lei, ZHANG Li, FENG Zhaohui, LU Xin, HAN Lihua, BAI Yuru, WU Zhiyan. New Xanthoceras sorbifolium cultivars ‘Mengguan No.1’ and ‘Mengguan No.2’ [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(4): 262-264.
[6]	MA Zhoude, ZHANG Huanchao, CAO Fuliang, QIAO Yufan, LI Shouke, ZHAO Xiangshu. Effects of foliar spraying of medium and trace element fertilizers on Xanthoceras sorbifolium [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2023, 47(2): 95-100.
[7]	YAN Zhixiang, YANG Haiyan, FAN Sufan, WU Wenlong, LYU Lianfei, LI Weilin. Analysis of the expression of sucrose phosphate synthase genes during the development of blackberry fruit [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2022, 46(1): 179-186.
[8]	XU Yuanyuan, ZHOU Siwei, CHEN Zhong, ZHAO Guochun, LIU Jiming, WANG Lixian, WANG Xi, JIA Liming, ZHANG Duanguang. Contents of the total saponins and total flavonoids in different organs of Sapindus mukorossi [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(4): 83-89.
[9]	ZHENG Yulin, LIU Jiming, SHI Shuanglong, JIA Liming, WENG Xuehuang, LUO Shuijing, SHENG Kezhai. Maturation processes and the dynamics of oil and saponin in Sapindus mukorossi [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2021, 45(4): 76-82.
[10]	ZHANG Yi, AO Yan, LIU Juefei, ZHAO Leilei, ZHANG Yongming. Response of phenophase of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge to environmental factors [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(5): 30-36.
[11]	ZHANG Ning, HUANG Yaoyao, AO Yan, SU Shuchai, LIU Jinfeng, ZHANG Xingjie, LIU Juefei. Flower bud differentiation and dynamic changes of endogenous hormone in Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(04): 33-42.
[12]	ZHANG Chunhong, XIONG Zhenhao, WU Wenlong, LI Weilin. CAD enzyme activity and gene expression in connection with lignin synthesis during fruit development and ripening process of blackberry [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2019, 43(01): 141-148.
[13]	MA Yingli, SHI Lei, ZHANG Yufeng, GU Hui, WANG Xiaorong, DAI Li, XIE Yinfeng. Effects of NAA on growth and active ingredients in root tuber of Pseudostellaria heterophylla [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2018, 42(03): 123-130.
[14]	HUANG Haijing， FU Guohuai， YANG Zaiqiang*，ZHANG Jing，JIN Zhifeng. Effect of protected cultivation to the development and quality of Myrica rubra [J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2012, 36(06): 47-52.

Metrics

Comments

www.nldxb.njfu.edu.cn

Edited ＆ Published by Editorial Department of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition)
Address： No.159 Longpan Road,Nanjing 210037 Jiangsu,P.R.China
E-mail ：xuebao@njfu.edu.cn , xuebao@njfu.com.cn
Telephone +86-25-85428247,85427076
Distributed by China International Book Trading Corporation P.O. Box 399, Beijing ,P.R. China

指标 index	横径 transverse diameter	纵径 longitudinal diameter	果实鲜质量 fruit fresh weight	含水率 water content	皂苷含量 saponin content	可溶性糖含量 soluble sugar content
纵径longitudinal diameter	0.987^**
果实鲜质量fruit fresh weight	0.880^**	0.860^**
含水率water content	-0.276	-0.280	0.040
皂苷含量saponin content	0.813^**	0.826^**	0.717^**	-0.377^*
可溶性糖含量soluble sugar content	0.589^**	0.597^**	0.306^**	-0.698^**	0.670^**
淀粉含量starch content	0.584^**	0.554^**	0.570^**	-0.223	0.728^**	0.635^**

Regularities of fruit growing and development and its inclusion of Xanthoceras sorbifolium

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 8

References 31

Related Articles 14

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

Author

Reader

Reviewer