Relationship between canopy structure characteristics and fruit yield of ‘Yangpao’ walnut at different tree ages

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202304033

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 129-136.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202304033

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Relationship between canopy structure characteristics and fruit yield of ‘Yangpao’ walnut at different tree ages

XIAO Liangjun¹(), TAN Minshan², MA Ting¹, NING Delu¹^,^*()

1. Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650201, China
2. Gansu Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Sciences, Lanzhou 730020, China

Received:2023-04-25 Accepted:2023-05-22 Online:2025-05-30 Published:2025-05-27
Contact: NING Delu E-mail:xiaoliangjun@yafg.ac.cn;ningdelu@yafg.ac.cn

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The canopy structure of walnuts (Juglans spp.) is closely related to their growth, yield and quality. By using a digital canopy analyzer to collect canopy parameters and investigate the differences in canopy characteristics among walnut trees of different ages and their correlations with yield and quality, this study aims to provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation management and tree training of walnut trees.【Method】Using a digital plant canopy analyzer (HemiView), canopy images of J. sigillata cv. Yangpao trees at 10, 20, 30 and 40 years of age were collected in the early morning when there was no direct sunlight. The canopy images were analyzed using canopy image analysis software to obtain parameters such as total light transmittance,leaf area index (LAI), canopy light site coefficient, and intercepted radiation by the canopy for trees of different ages. After fruit maturation, individual trees were harvested to measure the fresh fruit weight, dry fruit weight, and major internal components of the fruits. Correlation analysis was performed on the canopy parameters, yield, and quality data.【Result】The leaf area index (LAI) of walnut trees showed similar trends across different ages,with a slight increase from May to July, a slight decrease from July to August, and a rapid decrease from August to October. This result is consistent with the phenological patterns of walnuts in the region, where leaf expansion is mostly completed by May, with only a few new shoots still growing, and new shoot growth ceases in July. The total canopy light transmittance and light site coefficient exhibited opposite trends to the LAI. The intercepted radiation by the canopy increased initially and then decreased. The yield per walnut tree increased with age, with fresh fruit yields per tree at 10, 20, 30 and 40 years of age being 3.39, 10.34, 33.00 and 54.73 kg, respectively. The fresh fruit weight, dry fruit weight, and nut dimensions (longitudinal, transverse, and thickness diameters) increased with age, while the thickness of the fruit husk decreased with age. The moisture content of nuts was around 34% and the shell thickness was around 1 mm for all ages, with no significant differences. The kernel extraction rate increased with age, ranging from 48.59% to 51.61%. The oil content of nuts was around 64%, and the protein content increased with age, ranging from 15.14% to 17.13%. The yield per tree, fresh fruit weight, and dry fruit weight were significantly positively correlated with the LAI and intercepted radiation. The thickness of the fruit husk was significantly negatively correlated with the LAI. The thickness of the nut shell was significantly positively correlated with the intercepted diffuse radiation. The kernel extraction rate was significantly positively correlated with the total intercepted radiation and direct radiation. The protein content of nuts was significantly positively correlated with the LAI.【Conclusion】Analyzing and understanding the dynamic changes in canopy parameters of walnut trees can provide reference for specific guidance on different age groups of pruning and tree body cultivation.

Key words: Juglans spp. walnut, canopy structure characteristics, yield, digital plant canopy alalyzer, J. sigillata ‘Yangpao’

CLC Number:

S718

XIAO Liangjun, TAN Minshan, MA Ting, NING Delu. Relationship between canopy structure characteristics and fruit yield of ‘Yangpao’ walnut at different tree ages[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2025, 49(3): 129-136.

Figures/Tables 9

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树龄/a tree age	树高/m tree height	胸径/cm DBH	冠幅/m crown width
树龄/a tree age	树高/m tree height	胸径/cm DBH	东西 east to west	南北 north to south
10	3.55±0.20	14.07±1.13	5.90±0.82	5.15±0.75
20	5.40±0.15	18.60±1.62	7.40±0.68	6.90±0.55
30	7.64±0.22	30.18±1.17	10.10±0.68	9.65±0.74
40	8.85±0.19	38.86±1.08	11.95±0.87	10.53±0.65

树龄/a tree age	青果产量 yield of green fruits	鲜果产量 yield of fresh fruits	干果产量 yield of dried fruits
10	12.96±1.08 d	3.39±0.28 d	2.24±0.18 d
20	43.03±1.61 c	10.34±0.39 c	6.83±0.26 c
30	115.83±2.13 b	33.00±0.75 b	21.78±1.15 b
40	184.43±1.38 a	54.73±1.37 a	36.12±1.22 a

树龄/a tree age	单果青果质量/ (g·果^-1) quality of single green fruit	青皮厚/ mm thick green peel	单果干质量/ (g·果^-1) dry weight of single nut	纵径/mm vertical diameter	横径/mm horizontal diameter	棱径/mm generatrix diameter	果形指数 fruit shape index	含水率/% moisture content	干果壳厚/ mm thickness of the nut shell	出仁率/% shelling percentage	含油率/% oil content	蛋白质质量分数/% protein content
10	50.61± 2.50 c	7.07± 0.41 a	8.76± 1.82 b	30.96± 1.42 b	32.05± 1.40 d	26.44± 1.10 d	0.94± 0.03 a	34.15± 1.58 a	1.00± 0.06 ab	48.59± 3.47 a	64.87± 1.15 a	15.14± 1.86 a
20	57.15± 2.69 b	6.67± 0.59 ab	9.04± 1.37 b	31.53± 1.13 b	33.25± 1.46 c	27.73± 1.78 c	0.96± 0.05 a	34.30± 1.49 a	1.02± 0.04 ab	50.62± 4.29 a	64.61± 0.89 a	15.71± 1.25 a
30	64.82± 2.46 a	6.46± 0.18 b	12.10± 1.26 a	35.22± 1.17 a	36.02± 0.82 b	29.33± 0.61 b	0.94± 0.02 a	34.54± 1.30 a	1.03± 0.04 ab	51.44± 3.00 a	64.32± 1.33 a	15.94± 0.83 a
40	66.47± 1.09 a	6.29± 086 b	12.90± 1.38 a	35.50± 0.81 a	37.60± 0.44 a	30.67± 0.65 a	0.96± 0.02a	34.55± 1.92 a	1.05± 0.04 a	51.61± 2.83 a	64.20± 1.35 a	17.13± 0.87 a

相关性 correlation	单株鲜果质量 fresh fruit weight per plant	单株干果质量 weight of dried fruits per plant	单果青果质量 weight of a single green fruit	青皮厚 thickness of green peel	干果质量 weight of dried nuts	含水率 moisture content	干果壳厚 thick nut shell	出仁率 shelling rate	含油率 oil content	蛋白质质量分数 protein content
总透光比VisSky	-0.716^**	-0.716^**	-0.659^**	0.824^**	-0.681^**	-0.002	-0.106	-0.200	0.336	-0.458^*
叶面积指数LAI	0.759^**	0.759^**	0.700^**	-0.847^**	0.717^**	0.052	0.170	0.234	-0.353	0.461^*
散射光立地系数ISF	-0.753^**	-0.753^**	-0.669^**	0.840^**	-0.698^**	-0.046	-0.136	-0.210	0.307	-0.437
直射光立地系数DSF	-0.751^**	-0.751^**	-0.719^**	0.780^**	-0.612^**	-0.240	-0.234	-0.375	0.157	-0.245
综合光立地系数GSF	-0.750^**	-0.750^**	-0.710^**	0.791^**	-0.617^**	-0.222	-0.220	-0.342	0.194	-0.265
冠层截获总辐射DifAb	0.683^**	0.683^**	0.632^**	-0.633^**	0.558^*	0.287	0.196	0.456^*	0.117	0.116
冠层截获总散射辐射 DirAb	0.835^**	0.835^**	0.682^**	-0.657^**	0.738^**	0.118	0.445^*	0.235	-0.004	0.182
冠层截获总直射辐射 TotAb	0.642^**	0.642^**	0.637^**	-0.602^**	0.524^*	0.312	0.194	0.472^*	0.140	0.091

Relationship between canopy structure characteristics and fruit yield of ‘Yangpao’ walnut at different tree ages

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