Evaluation of leaf colors of Japanese maples in spring

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201703113

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2020, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 213-220.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201703113

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Evaluation of leaf colors of Japanese maples in spring

SHEN Xingcheng¹(), ZHOU Ting¹, FAN Junjun¹, XU Li’an¹, ZHANG Wangxiang¹^,²^,^*()

1. Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China,College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing 210037, China
2. Yangzhou Crabapple Horticulture Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225200,China

Received:2019-03-29 Revised:2019-07-20 Online:2020-11-30 Published:2020-12-07
Contact: ZHANG Wangxiang E-mail:calvinsxc@foxmail.com;malus2011@163.com

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The Japanese maple (Acer spp.) is an excellent foliage tree species. The previous research has be focused on the change rule or mechanism of leaf color changes in Acer spp. in autumn. This study explored the relationship between the leaf color and the change rule in Japanese maple cultivars for their spatial and temporal distributions, and aimed to provide a reference for discovering and creating color-specific leaf germplasms.【Method】The colors of 28 Japanese maple cultivars were dynamically measured (S1. April 15; S2. April 30; S3. May 15) by using the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (RHSCC) and a colorimeter. The differences between leaf color determination methods were compared through a correlation analysis. Japanese maple spring leaf colors were analyzed via a lightness (L^*), chromaticity (C^*) and hue (h^*) three-dimensional dynamic distribution map and clustering and color parameter analyses were conducted to evaluate the change rule and breeding strategy.【Result】① A significant correlation (P < 0.000 1) was observed between the color parameters measured by the chromatogram and the RHSCC, but the coincidence was not high (R² = 0.54-0.74). ② During leaf color change (S₁-S₂-S₃), L^* and C^* rose and then fell, with a peak value in the S₂ period. The optimal hue values for ‘best viewing’ [(h^* between 20°-40° (red), 70°-80° (yellow), 90°-110° (green)] appeared during the S₂ period. ③ The leaf color cluster analysis showed that the 28 Japanese maple varieties were clustered into three major color groups with six sub-groups. There were significant differences in color parameters between groups and sub-groups. Group one, green (A), included the A₁ green and A₂ dark green sub-groups. The color varieties in A₁ were bright and had ornamental values (C^*. 51.17±2.01; L^*. 62.72±3.76). Group two, yellow (B), only had one sub-group, whose color was bright (C^*. 60.60±0.47; L^*. 75.79±1.70). Group three, purplish-red (C), included the C₁ dark purplish-red, C₂ bright red, and C₃ deep purplish-red sub-groups. The color of varieties in the C₂ sub-group was bright (C^*. 26.2 ± 3.36; L^*. 38.25 ± 2.08). ④ The leaf color of the three color lines changed from light to thick then back to light. The leaf color of the second stage (S₂-S₃) was larger than that of the first stage (S₁-S₂). In different stages of the color systems, the color rhythmicity of the purplish-red was best (ΔE' = 15.33) followed by green (ΔE' = 13.94) then yellow (ΔE' = 9.34). The yellow varieties, ‘Dream of Orange’ and ‘Jingui’, maintained high color saturation and brightness in spring (C^* and L^* reached 60.61 and 75.79, respectively) and had a high ornamental value. The color intensity of the three color groups showed a trend from light to strong and then to light. The range of leaf color parameters in the second stage (S₂-S₃) was larger than that in the first stage (S₁-S₂), but the difference between these stages was not significant and showed a nearly equal changing rate. The color difference of purplish-red color group was the highest (ΔE'=15.33), followed by the green (ΔE'=13.94) then yellow (ΔE'=9.34) color groups. The yellow color group, including A. palmatum ‘Orange Dream’ and A. palmatum ‘Katsura’, maintained high color saturation and brightness (C^* and L^* values reached 60.61 and 75.79, respectively) and had a high ornamental value.【Conclusion】The best spring viewing period for Japanese maple is late April. The leaf color differences are most pronounced in the purplish-red color group, followed by the green group. Color differences are the least pronounced in the yellow group. The selection of specific germplasms to be used as hybrid parents may play an important role in directional breeding of high-stability and high-ornamental Japanese maple trees. These results indicate that A₁ and A_2-1 could be used as parents for bright green color breeding and C₂ and C_1-1 could be used as parents for purplish-red color breeding.

Key words: Japanese maple, leaf color, colorimetric parameter, CIELCH, Acer palmatum

CLC Number:

S687
S718

SHEN Xingcheng, ZHOU Ting, FAN Junjun, XU Li’an, ZHANG Wangxiang. Evaluation of leaf colors of Japanese maples in spring[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2020, 44(6): 213-220.

Figures/Tables 5

Table 1

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Table 2

The color parameters of Japanese maple cultivar group based on clustering analysis"

色系及子色系 color series and sub-series	品种数 cultivar number	时期 measuring stage	C^*	h^*/(°)	L^*	$Δ E 1 Δ E 2$	ΔE'
A绿色系 green	12	S₁	40.51±5.16	104.44±5.50	50.70±4.34
		S₂	45.98±6.06	99.78±7.86	57.53±6.64	10.97±5.51 A	13.94
		S₃	36.24±8.82	103.54±7.95	48.56±9.07	16.92±8.44 A
A₁ 翠绿色系 emerald green	6	S₁	44.52±3.93	104.24±4.39	53.85±3.46
		S₂	51.17±2.01	98.53±3.90	62.72±3.76	12.69±4.85	15.86
		S₃	40.26±8.04	100.61±5.29	51.9±8.38	19.04±7.81
A₂暗绿色系 dark green	6	S₁	36.49±2.09	104.64±6.86	47.56±2.40
		S₂	40.80±3.48	101.02±10.82	52.34±4.26	9.24±6.02	12.02
		S₃	32.22±8.22	106.46±9.52	45.23±9.18	14.81±9.21
A_2-1	3	S₁	37.91±0.67	106.57±0.67	106.57±2.12
		S₂	38.47±1.83	107.24±1.83	107.24±2.85	4.32±1.40	9.32
		S₃	28.47±7.08	112.04±7.08	112.04±2.62	9.32±5.35
B黄色系 yellow	2	S₁	61.01±1.29	88.55±1.64	68.41±0.82
		S₂	60.61±0.47	87.52±0.30	75.79±1.70	7.70±0.68 A	9.34
		S₃	50.10±9.16	87.72±1.60	78.39±0.59	10.97±9.47 A
B₁	1	S₁	61.92±2.12	87.40±3.17	68.99±1.88
		S₂	60.27±2.86	87.74±1.19	77.00±1.62	9.26±3.04	6.23
		S₃	56.58±3.40	88.85±1.34	78.82±2.58	6.30±3.15
B₂	1	S₁	60.10±2.62	89.71±3.00	67.83±1.54
		S₂	60.94±1.15	87.30±1.59	74.59±1.49	8.60±2.27	12.44
		S₃	43.62±4.51	86.58±2.21	77.97±1.86	17.99±5.01
C紫红色系 red purple	14	S₁	17.78±6.90	32.38±12.26	30.59±4.71
		S₂	22.21±6.10	32.32±11.60	31.72±3.93	12.37±6.28 A	15.33
		S₃	17.65±11.53	31.80±23.73	31.89±7.91	18.29±9.12 A
C₁暗紫红色系 dark red purple	10	S₁	14.28±1.57	30.08±11.53	28.63±1.78
		S₂	19.68±4.36	28.79±8.63	29.70±1.62	11.37±4.88	12.77
		S₃	14.83±11.07	24.08±15.66	28.63±4.09	14.16±5.36
C_1-1	1	S₁	15.07±0.98	22.52±2.72	27.67±3.00
		S₂	27.78±1.42	15.16±5.43	16.25±1.89	9.37±4.33	11.13
		S₃	25.28±0.47	4.70±0.73	10.54±3.21	12.89±4.75
C₂ 亮红色系 red	3	S₁	30.16±2.04	43.27±11.31	38.37±3.59
		S₂	26.20±3.36	47.47±9.00	38.25±2.08	12.90±10.42	20.78
		S₃	29.72±4.67	63.84±23.21	44.9±1.97	28.66±10.66
C₃ 深紫红色系 deep purple	1	S₁	15.60±2.37	22.75±1.80	26.85±1.08
		S₂	35.59±2.61	22.12±2.00	32.27±1.33	20.93±3.38	24.58
		S₃	9.58±3.29	12.82±2.34	25.54±0.95	28.58±5.25

Table 2

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品种cultivars	S₁	S₂	S₃	品种cultivars	S₁	S₂	S₃
‘宝玉’‘Hogyoko’	144B	N144A	42A	‘绿羽毛枫’‘Dissectum’	142A	143A	144A
‘布加迪’‘Trompenburg’	166A	N77A	N77A	‘马里安’‘Mariale’	166A	185A	46A
‘橙之梦’‘Orange Dream’	151A	151A	10A	‘漫步者’‘Rambler’	144B	1B	144C
‘垂枝稻叶’‘Inaba shidare’	187A	187A	187A	‘千染’‘Chishio’	183A	166A	42B
‘绯红皇后’‘Crimson Queen’	183A	183A	187A	‘青龙’‘Seiryu’	137C	151B	144A
‘凤凰’‘Phoenix’	172A	161C	N34A	‘青王子’‘Viridi Prince’	N144C	150B	N144A
‘红箭’‘Tamuke yama’	187A	187A	N77A	‘青枝垂’‘Ao shidare’	144A	144C	144A
‘红镜’‘Beni-kagami’	N77A	N34A	187A	‘珊瑚阁’‘Sango kaku’	N144C	151B	N144A
‘红七多变’‘Beni-shichi-henge’	144A	144C	154B	‘石榴红’‘Garnet’	174A	60A	1B
‘红舞妓’‘Beni-maiko’	53A	N34A	N24A	‘守望’‘Seki-mori’	143C	144C	146A
‘红羽毛枫’‘Ornatum’	183A	183A	46A	‘乡恋’‘Dissectum Rubrifolium’	176B	178B	187A
‘火球’‘Fireball’	N77A	46A	187A	‘猩猩’‘De-shojo’	172B	178A	151C
‘金贵’‘Katsura’	12A	15C	11B	‘血红’‘Bloodgood’	166A	N77A	N77A
‘金线’‘Koto-no-ito’	N144C	1B	137B	‘羽扇’^‘Mai-kujaku’‘ Maimori’^	144A	143B	144A

Evaluation of leaf colors of Japanese maples in spring

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