Research on the cooling effect of parks in Nanjing based on multi-source data

doi:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202310019

JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY ›› 2024, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (3): 285-294.doi: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202310019

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Research on the cooling effect of parks in Nanjing based on multi-source data

ZHU Yunfeng¹(), WANG Hong¹^,^*(), QIN Shuhong², YANG Yi³, WANG Yicong⁴

1. College of Geography and Remote Sensing, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
2. College of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
3. China Water North Survey, Design and Research Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300222, China
4. Zhejiang Provincial Water Resources and Hydropower Investigation and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310002, China

Received:2023-10-16 Revised:2023-12-22 Online:2024-05-30 Published:2024-06-14

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The study aimed to quantify the cooling effect of parks using the inflection point method, and to determine the area and perimeter thresholds of parks with an efficient cooling effect. The internal and external characteristics of urban parks and their influence on the cooling effect was analyzed based on multi-source data. 【Method】 The radiative transfer method was used to retrieve the surface temperature from Landsat-8 remote sensing images on September 13, 2019, and the land cover was classified using the random forest method based on Gaofen-2 remote sensing images. The area of interest (AOI) on the Baidu map was used to determine the boundaries of 83 parks. The inflection point method was used to determine the cooling intensity and cooling distances of parks. The relationship between the cooling effect of parks and three influencing factors, namely, features of the landscape, internal park environment, and external park environment, was determined by correlation analysis and the SHAP analysis. 【Result】 The cooling threshold of parks encompassed an area of 18-19 hm² with a perimeter of about 1.9-2.0 km. The results of feature indicator analysis revealed that the cooling effect of parks can be reduced by a high proportion of construction land and a high patch density within the parks, but enhanced by a high proportion of waterbodies and green spaces. Parks with a smaller area-weighted perimeter ratio had a higher cooling efficiency. The structural parameters and physiological characteristics of the vegetation had a significant influence on the cooling effect of parks. The cooling distances of parks increased was higher in the proportion of vegetation with better growth and greater canopy height. Soil moisture also played a crucial role in the cooling effect of parks. However, the cooling effect was weakened by the presence of surrounding buildings of greater height and a higher road density outside the parks. 【Conclusion】 The cooling effect of parks is influenced by internal and external landscape features and environmental characteristics. The cooling effect of parks can be enhanced by improving the integrity of the landscape, ensuring the distribution of green spaces and waterbodies, and cultivating high-quality vegetation, to mitigater the urban heat island effect.

Key words: city parks, urban heat island, cold island effect, multi-source data, inflection point method, SHAP analysis, Nanjing City

CLC Number:

TP79

ZHU Yunfeng, WANG Hong, QIN Shuhong, YANG Yi, WANG Yicong. Research on the cooling effect of parks in Nanjing based on multi-source data[J]. JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY, 2024, 48(3): 285-294.

Figures/Tables 10

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类型 type	指标 indexes
公园内部景观特征 landscape features within the park	绿地(PLAND_green)、水体(PLAND_water)和建设用地占公园的面积比例(PLAND_building)
	绿地(LPI_green)、水体(LPI_water)和建设用地的最大斑块指数(LPI_building)
	公园边缘密度(ED)、斑块密度(PD)、蔓延度(CONTAG)
	公园(PARA_AM)、绿地(PARA_AM_green)、水体(PARA_AM_water)和建设用地的面积加权平均长比(PARA_AM_building)
	公园(NLSI)绿地(NLSI_green)、水体(NLSI_water)和建设用地的归一化景观形状指数(NLSI_building)
	香农多样性指数(SHDI)、香农均匀度指数(SHEI)
	公园(AI)、绿地(AI_green)、水体(AI_water)和建设用地的聚集度(AI_building)
	公园(DIVISION)、绿地(DIVISION_green)、水体(DIVISION_water)和建设用地的景观分裂指数(DIVISION_building)
	公园(MESH)、绿地(MESH_green)、水体(MESH_water)和建设用地的有效粒度面积(MESH_building)
公园内部环境特征 environmental features within the park	平均高程(DEM)、植被冠层高度(FH)、植被覆盖度(FVC)、叶面积指数(LAI)
	叶绿素含量(LAI_cab)、冠层水分含量(LAI_cw)、有效光合吸收辐射度(FAPAR)
	植被蒸腾(Ec)、土壤蒸发(Es)、温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)
公园外部环境特征 environmental features outside the park	公园降温距离内水体(Buffer_water)、绿地(Buffer_green)、建设用地所占比例(Buffer_building)
	公园降温距离内的夜间灯光密度(Buffer_luojia)、人口密度(Buffer_pop)
	公园降温距离内道路密度(Buffer_road)、建筑平均高度(Buffer_cnbh)

指标 index	降温强度 PCI	降温距离 PCD	地表温度 LST	指标 index	降温强度 PCI	降温距离 PCD	地表温度 LST
PLAND_green	0.190	0.286^**	-0.196	SHEI	-0.275^*	-0.331^**	0.265^*
PLAND_water	0.445^**	0.058	-0.448^**	PD	-0.626^**	-0.334^**	0.634^**
PLAND_building	-0.655^**	-0.393^**	0.594^**	MESH	0.268^*	0.309^**	-0.478^**
LPI_green	0.216	0.311^**	-0.170	MESH_green	0.210	0.302^**	-0.427^**
LPI _water	0.358^**	0.012	-0.396^**	MESH_water	0.399^**	0.076	-0.357^**
LPI_building	-0.604^**	-0.339^**	0.500^**	MESH_building	-0.113	-0.315^**	0.107
ED	-0.601^**	-0.337^**	0.597^**	DIVISION	-0.243^*	-0.296^**	0.212
PARA_AM	-0.640^**	-0.337^**	0.631^**	DIVISION_green	-0.252^*	-0.314^**	0.198
PARA_AM_green	-0.188	-0.153	0.288^**	DIVISION_water	-0.368^**	-0.072	0.451^**
PARA_AM_water	-0.392^**	-0.112	0.345^**	DIVISION_building	0.503^**	0.251^*	-0.382^**
PARA_AM_building	0.194	0.179	-0.195	CONTAG	0.382^**	0.357^**	-0.371^**
NLSI_green	-0.054	-0.015	0.202	AI	0.601^**	0.340^**	-0.588^**
NLSI_water	-0.249^*	-0.058	0.199	AI_green	0.185	0.161	-0.283^**
NLSI_building	0.181	0.150	-0.217^*	AI_water	0.253^*	0.059	-0.203
SHDI	-0.225^*	-0.318^**	0.234^*	AI_building	-0.246^*	-0.187	0.259^*

类型 type	公园名称 park name	水体占公园的面积比例/% PLAND_water	绿地占公园的面积比例/% PLAND_green	公园面积/hm² park area	降温强度/℃ PCI
有水公园 park with water	伯乐园	15.53	56.60	0.80	1.14
	郑和公园	7.78	39.33	2.17	1.45
	乌龙潭公园	18.89	61.01	5.10	2.63
	南湖公园	39.10	35.56	8.62	4.01
	白鹭洲公园	22.32	50.87	12.72	2.86
	莫愁湖公园	44.65	22.61	50.25	4.98
无水公园 park without water	鼓楼公园	0	67.15	0.94	0.67
	河西中央公园CBD绿轴D区	0.06	32.96	2.21	0.66
	明故宫遗址公园	0.09	67.12	5.74	1.04
	石景山公园	0.54	95.15	8.33	2.45
	北极阁公园	0.46	90.49	12.00	2.51
	求雨山文化公园	0.24	66.40	51.93	1.71

指标 index	降温强度 PCI	降温距离 PCD	地表温度 LST
DEM	0.233^*	0.275^*	-0.419^**
FH	0.318^**	0.412^**	-0.351^**
FAPAR	0.120	0.288^**	-0.079
FVC	0.202	0.305^**	-0.167
LAI	0.338^**	0.390^**	-0.327^**
LAI_cab	0.425^**	0.449^**	-0.425^**
LAI_cw	0.607^**	0.423^**	-0.615^**
Ec	0.072	0.247	-0.327^*
Es	-0.068	-0.079	0.395^*
TVDI	-0.716^**	-0.508^**	0.985^**

指标 index	降温强度 PCI	降温距离 PCD	地表温度 LST
Buffer_green	0.111	0.191	-0.432^**
Buffer_water	0.111	0.151	-0.297^**
Buffer_building	-0.164	-0.228^*	0.425^**
Buffer_pop	0.153	0.122	-0.093
Buffer_luojia	-0.226^*	-0.211	0.139
Buffer_road	-0.310^**	-0.461^**	0.319^**
Buffer_cnbh	-0.297^**	-0.128	0.017

Research on the cooling effect of parks in Nanjing based on multi-source data

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