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Nitrogen resorption machanism during leaf senescence in woody plants YANG Jiading, LIU Yujie, FENG Jianyuan, ZHANG Yuanlan JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2023, 47 (5): 1-8.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202212004 Abstract （1151）   HTML （52）    PDF（pc） （1492KB）（16763）       Knowledge map    Save The application of nitrogen fertilizer is the main driving force for biomass production in artificial systems of agriculture and forestry. However, problems such as the increased cost and substantial pollution of soil, water and atmosphere are resulted from nitrogen leaching. Improving plant nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is the crucial way to resolve these problems. NUE is a complex trait associated with an interplay between the genetic background and environmental factors, and is the comprehensive reflection of respective efficiencies with uptake of soil nitrogen by plant roots, assimilation and utilization of absorbed nitrogen inside plants, and resorption of nitrogen from senescent tissues or organs. The physiological steps of nitrogen resorption include a protein degradation in senescing organs,amino acid interconversion, and phloem loading of amino acids for remobilization. Phloem loading is thought to be the rate-limiting step of nitrogen resorption from senescing leaves. Nitrogen resorption is always accompanied with either natural senescence of the whole plant or certain tissues/organs determined by a developmental age or precocious senescence induced by environmental stresses. Nitrogen resorption in senescing leaves is an important strategy for perennial woody plants to conserve intrinsic nitrogen and increase stress tolerance through the winter season. The efficiency of nitrogen resorption is not only associated with species, age and functional types (i.e. deciduous or evergreen, broad- or needle-leaved) of woody plants, but also influenced by environmental factors such as geographic habitat, status of soil nitrogen and water supply. Improving efficiency of nitrogen resorption from senescing leaves may alleviate the requirement of trees for nitrogen fertilizer in the next growth season. As studies about mechanisms of leaf senescence and nitrogen resorption in trees are rare at present, characterization of key factors (such as NAC and WRKY family members) regulating leaf senescence, certain transporters responsible for phloem loading of amino acids in senescing leaves and signaling components mediating functions of phytohormones (such as abscisic acid and ethylene) which may promote leaf senescence is desired in woody plants in coming years, thus providing putative technological supports for breeding tree cultivars with the improved NUE through the genetic modification. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Taxonomic and geographic differentiation of phylogenetic conservatism of plant functional traits: a case study of maximum plant height of Chinese angiosperms XING Bingbing, LI Yao, MAO Lingfeng JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (1): 59-66.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202204044 Abstract （2776）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （3438KB）（8219）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Plant height is a fundamental component of plant ecological strategies. This study aims to elucidate the phylogenetic conservatism of maximum plant height in Chinese angiosperms, investigate its variation across taxonomic groups and geographic regions, and explore its associations with environmental factors. 【Method】 Using data on the maximum plant height and geographic distribution of 20 295 Chinese angiosperm species, this study assessed the phylogenetic conservatism of maximum plant height among different growth forms, taxonomic groups, and vegetation zones. The study analyzed the correlation between the phylogenetic signal (Pagel’s λ) and factors such as latitude, temperature, and precipitation. 【Result】 The maximum plant height of Chinese angiosperms exhibited a strong phylogenetic conservatism (Pagel’s λ = 0.893). Among them, herbaceous plants showed slightly lower phylogenetic conservatism compared to woody plants, while six orders including Fabales exhibited phylogenetic signals higher than 0.9. The phylogenetic signals of all plants and woody plants displayed a unimodal relationship with latitude and temperature but showed a negative correlation with precipitation. The latitudinal pattern of phylogenetic signals in herbaceous plants was less pronounced, instead showing a multi-peak relationship with temperature and precipitation. 【Conclusion】 The maximum plant height of Chinese angiosperms demonstrated a clear geographic pattern in terms of phylogenetic conservatism, but the trend varied among different growth forms. Overall, the phylogenetic conservatism of maximum plant height of angiosperms and woody plants was stronger in middle latitudes compared to both high and low latitudes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in developmental biology of bamboos DING Yulong, LIN Shuyan, WEI Qiang, YAO Wenjing, QUE Feng, LI Long JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2022, 46 (6): 23-40.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202208067 Abstract （1449）   HTML （66）    PDF（pc） （1881KB）（8058）       Knowledge map    Save Although the history of bamboo resources utilization can be traced back to 7 000 years ago, the understanding of bamboo as a special group of Gramineae was not established until the late 18th century. Carl von Liné, the founder of modern plant classification, treated all bamboo species in the world as one species belonging to the genus Arundo (Arundo arbor) in his book “Species Plantarum”. It was not until 1789 that bamboo was separated from Arundo and the first bamboo genus, Bambusa, was established. Since its recognition as a distinct species from other grasses, there has been a wealth of literature addressing these aspects, including morphology, anatomy, systematics, physiology, ecology, cytology, genetics and molecular biology. However, systematic research on the occurrence, development and senescence of various organs of bamboo plants is still lacking. This article reviews and summarizes research on the developmental biology of the bamboo root, rhizome, culm, leaves and reproductive organs. We highlight what is insufficient or lacking in the field of bamboo developmental biology and what should be further investigated. We proposed to consider the entire process of cell division, differentiation and morphogenesis when studying the developmental biology of bamboo, and to investigate the dynamics of physiological and biochemical indices throughout the process to reveal the gene expression and signal transduction pathways that control each step of the entire developmental process. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Phytoremediation mechanisms of air formaldehyde pollution XIONG Yanfei, CHEN Yuefeng, MAO Zhiqiang, CAO Xinghong, YE Yuhan, ZHANG Jiankun JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2023, 47 (4): 1-12.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202111029 Abstract （1217）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （1835KB）（5992）       Knowledge map    Save Phytoremediation is the most energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and effective method for the air formaldehyde removal based on the physiological and metabolic characteristics and environmental adaptability of plants. The formaldehyde removal efficiencies of many indoor ornamental plants and some small wild plants, crops and genetically modified plants have been investigated. Plant formaldehyde scavenging involves three stages: absorption, transport and metabolism. Formaldehyde is absorbed by plants mainly through the leaves (stomata, guard cells, and leaf surface cuticle diffusion) and root hair. Most of the formaldehyde absorbed by plants was metabolized in tissue cells at the absorption site, and a small portion is transported to the rhizosphere or from the roots to the leaves. Formaldehyde is metabolized primarily through the Calvin cycle, C1 metabolism and glyoxylate pathway. Different metabolic pathways have distinct roles and characteristics. Based on this, the following suggestions are proposed:(1) Development of plant species with a strong formaldehyde-scavenging ability. (2) Exploring new ways for plants to metabolize formaldehyde. (3) It is necessary to make a profound study on the effects of formaldehyde metabolisms on normal photosynthesis and biomass production in plants. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Professor Cheng Wan-chun and Dendrology FANG Yanming JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (3): 2-13.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202404034 Abstract （3389）   HTML （316）    PDF（pc） （3315KB）（5166）       Knowledge map    Save As a distinguished dendrologist, forester, and forestry educator, Professor Cheng Wan-chun (1904-1983) devoted his life to the pursuit of dendrology science and education. As a learner of dendrology, he was diligent and eager to learn, lucky to meet good tutors, and had a well-rounded approach to his studies. As a dendrologist, he specialized in tree classification, focusing on gymnosperms, and expanding his academic boundaries from dendrology to forest geography. As a teacher of dendrology, he advocated cultivating virtue and talent, emphasized the cultivation of practical abilities, and implemented the feedback of scientific research in teaching. Professor Cheng Wan-chun regarded forest areas as the best laboratory of dendrology and personally visited forest areas such as West Tianmu Mountain in Zhejiang, Western Sichuan, and Lichuan in Hubei, collecting a large number of plant specimens, including types. Professor Cheng Wan-chun made many contributions to dendrology, discovering and naming one new family, five new genera, and 139 new species (including varieties). The most important contribution was the discovery of Metasequoia and the proposal of a classification system for gymnosperms. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in research of wildland-urban interface fires WANG Qiuhua, WANG Jin, LI Xiaona, MA Cheng, HONG Ruicheng, CAO Hengmao, GAO Zhongliang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 1-10.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202303047 Abstract （2424）   HTML （155）    PDF（pc） （1599KB）（4592）       Knowledge map    Save As the wildland-urban interface (WUI) becomes an increasingly important area of focus, the close relationship between human settlements and natural ecosystems such as forests has led to a high incidence of fires. Human activities play significant roles in the occurrence of fires in the WUI, and with rapid urbanization and the construction of forest cities, the complexity and severity of these fires have increased. This paper provides an overview of research progress on fires in the WUI, through literature analysis and case studies. At present, the concept of the WUI in China lacks clarity and standardization, highlighting the need for further research in this area. Future research should focus on expanding the database of interface fire cases and integrating satellite monitoring systems, video surveillance, and big data platforms to establish an early warning and monitoring system for the WUI. In addition, strengthening the research on fire behavior simulation and remote sensing monitoring, especially UAV fire behavior detection technology research on fire behavior simulations and remote sensing monitoring of WUI and unmanned aerial, remote-sensing monitoring and other new technologies will be crucial for providing effective solutions for fire prevention and control in the WUI. This will also contribute to the improvement of management measures, standards, and risk reduction strategies. Overall, the emphasis on new technologies and scientific research will provide a solid foundation for the management and reduction of fire risks in the WUI. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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A review on the taxonomy study of Prunus subgen. Cerasus (Mill) A. Gray YI Xiangui, LI Meng, WANG Xianrong JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (3): 46-57.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202405008 Abstract （3044）   HTML （224）    PDF（pc） （1729KB）（4481）       Knowledge map    Save Reviewed and summarized the research history of the taxonomy of the subgenus Prunus subgen. Cerasus, provided an overview of major classification systems of the subgen. Cerasus. Summarized the advances in experimental taxonomy studies on the subgen. Cerasus, It is found that morphological markers play an important role in the classification of subgen. Cerasus. SSR marker studies can provide evidence for discussions on interspecific and intraspecific relationships within the subgen. Cerasus, DNA sequence markers have made important achievements in the study of subgen. Cerasus classification, essentially clarifying the phylogenetic relationships within the subgen. Cerasus. Integrated the latest data on phylogeny and geographic distribution of the subgen. Cerasus, outlined the main framework of the phylogeny of the subgen. Cerasus, speculation that the origin of this subgenus is from the Himalayan region to southwestern China or the Mediterranean region, summarized the main migration routes of the subgen. Cerasus. By combining literature and specimen data, field surveys and recent research conclusions, a total of 76 species of the subgen. Cerasus (including 11 varieties) were listed in the world species catalog, and statistical analysis was conducted on the main distribution areas and groups of the subgen. Cerasus; proposed classification viewpoints for the P. serrulata complex, P. subhirtella complex, and other controversial groups. A comprehensive analysis of the status of the taxonomy of the subgen. Cerasus, suggesting that more in depth research is needed on the complex and controversial groups within the subgen. Cerasus, as well as resource surveys and classification in the central and western regions; exploring combinations of multiple species, populations, and omics at a large scale is an important direction for the taxonomy research of the subgen. Cerasus. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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The status and prospects of smart forestry CAO Lin, ZHOU Kai, SHEN Xin, YANG Xiaoming, CAO Fuliang, WANG Guibin JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2022, 46 (6): 83-95.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202209052 Abstract （4534）   HTML （182）    PDF（pc） （2969KB）（3947）       Knowledge map    Save Information technology is an important driving force for the development of human civilization, and it is also one of the fastest growing and most influential high-techs in the world today. With the wide application of modern information technology in the field of forestry, smart forestry has become the route one must take for the development of modern forestry. Smart forestry is the deep integration of new generation information technologies such as Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, mobile Internet and 3S technology, intelligent equipment as well as forestry production and management businesses such as and forest breeding, forest cultivation, forest management and forest protection. The development of smart forestry in China is a milestone in the development of modern forestry. The author introduces the background, connotation, characteristics, theoretical basis and research methods of smart forestry, as well as top-level design, project deployment and implementation, scientific research platform construction and talent training for smart forestry development; the research status of key core technologies of intelligent forestry, such as forestry intelligent perception, spatial information technology, big data and cloud computing, virtual reality and intelligent equipment technology, are systematically introduced. The application progress of smart forestry in forest tree genetics and breeding, forest precision silviculture, forest resource monitoring and management decision-making, forest fire monitoring and prediction, pest control, and wildlife protection were further introduced. Finally, the development goals of smart forestry in the future are pointed out, and the main development directions of smart forestry technology system are prospected. The author believes that the development of smart forestry needs to further promote the research, development and application of intelligent algorithms and hardware, as well as to strengthen the research of its theoretical basis. At the same time, it is also necessary to integrate modern data mining, model simulation and intelligent analysis technologies into the forestry production business process on the basis of obtaining accurate multi-source data, to provide services for the whole industry chain of forestry production and lead the high-quality development of forestry. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Community classification, structures and species diversity characteristics of Pinus massoniana and P. hwangshanensis in the eastern China FAN Mingyang, HU Meng, YNAG Yuan, FANG Yanming JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (1): 47-58.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202210029 Abstract （3313）   HTML （86）    PDF（pc） （2167KB）（3860）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Pinus massoniana is the main coniferous tree species in subtropical China and P. hwangshanensis is the main constructive species in subtropical mid-montane region of the eastern China. Both species coexist at horizontal level but exhibit distinct vertical distributions. The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution patterns of P. massoniana and P. hwangshanensis forests and provide a theoretical basis for the scientific management and conservation of these forest resources. 【Method】 The study was focused on eight typical distribution areas in the eastern subtropical region of China. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) and multivariate regression trees (MRT) were employed to explore the differences in community structure and the main influencing factors between the two pine forests. Additionally, a linear mixed-effects model was used to quantify the response of species diversity indices to abiotic factors. Based on the principles for compiling the Vegegraphy of China, a preliminary quantitative classification of P. massoniana and P. hwangshanensis forests was performed. 【Result】 Significant differences were observed in the community structures of P. massoniana and P. hwangshanensis forests, with elevation identified as the primary influencing factor. Mean annual temperature had a significant effect on species richness within both communities, while mean annual precipitation had the most pronounced impact on overall species richness. Elevation exerted a significant influence on the evenness of the two communities. The preliminary vegetation classification resulted in the identification of six associations for P. massoniana forest and five associations for P. hwangshanensis forest. 【Conclusion】 Altitude variations shape the differences in community structure between P. massoniana and P. hwangshanensis forests and directly or indirectly influence species diversity in these communities. The vegetation classification highlights the diversification of vegetation types in the two pine forests and provides a reference for future classification efforts. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Temperature, precipitation and runoff prediction in the Yangtze River basin based on CMIP 6 multi-model HE Xu, MIAO Zimei, TIAN Jiaxi, YANG Liu, ZHANG Zengxin, ZHU Bin JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (2): 1-8.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202203028 Abstract （6347）   HTML （428）    PDF（pc） （2585KB）（3709）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This research aims to explore the impact of future climate change on predicted runoff trends in the Yangtze River basin and provide a basis for early flood warning and prevention measures in the Yangtze River basin and other regions. 【Method】 Temperature, precipitation and runoff in the Yangtze River basin from 1961 to 2014 were evaluated by using the multi-mode set average (MME) of the international coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP 6) and the SWAT hydrological model and predicted under SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios from 2020 to 2099.【Result】 (1) Compared with the single model, MME showed better performance in simulating temperature and precipitation during historical periods, with a correlation coefficient with the observation value was >0.90. Further, MME simulated the spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation well. (2) The MME analysis showed that during 2020 and 2099, temperature and precipitation increases in the Yangtze River basin under all scenarios were <50% and <20%, respectively. Simulated temperature under the SSP5-8.5 scenario was 1.23 ℃ higher than that under the SSP1-1.9 scenario, and 0.99 ℃ higher than that under the SSP1-2.6 scenario. (3) Overall, future annual runoff of the entire Yangtze River basin increased significantly and reached 40 380 m3/s under the SSP5-5.8 scenario at the end of the 21st century.【Conclusion】 Temperature, precipitation and runoff in the Yangtze River basin are predicted to increase in the future, whereas flood disasters under low emission scenarios are relatively less likely. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Mapping regional forest aboveground biomass from random forest Co-Kriging approach: a case study from north Guangdong ZHOU Youfeng, XIE Binglou, LI Mingshi JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (1): 169-178.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202202015 Abstract （2605）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （2806KB）（3439）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Forest aboveground biomass (AGB) is an important indicator for evaluating forest ecosystem health status and carbon sink potential. Accurate and quick mapping regional forest AGB has become intensively researched in forest ecosystem status assessment and global climate change studies in recent years. The major objective of this study was to develop a framework for improving the mapping accuracy of AGB in a subtropical forested area with complex terrain. 【Method】 Spectral features, textural indices, backscattering coefficients, and topographical variables were derived from Landsat 5 TM, ALOS-1 PALSAR-1 data and STRM DEM. Next, in tandem with national forest inventory plot measurements, a random forest/Co-Kriging framework that combines the advantages of random forest (RF) and a geostatistical approach was proposed to map AGB in northern Guangdong Province. 【Result】 The experimental results showed that the ordinary Kriging (OK) and Co-Kriging (CK) were able to predict the distribution of the RF-predicted AGB residuals. The predicted structured components of the residuals adding onto the RF predictions could improve the mapping accuracy of AGB to some extent. After the validation of the independent 20% dataset, the determination coefficient between the predictions and the observations increased from 0.46 (RF) to 0.51 (RFOK) and to 0.57 (RFCK). The root mean square error decreased from 32.48 to 31.58 and to 29.80 t/hm2 accordingly. The mean absolute error decreased from 27.28 to 26.63 and to 25.12 t/hm2. Overall, co-Kriging, which considers elevation as a co-variable, was better than ordinary Kriging in predicting AGB residuals. 【Conclusion】 The RFCK framework provides an accurate and reliable method to map subtropical AGB with complex topography. The resulting AGB maps contribute to targeted forest resource management and promote forest carbon sequestration and sustainable forest management under global warming scenarios. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Effects of vegetation distribution on the carbon neutrality performance of urban green spaces YANG Yunfeng, YU Chunhua JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (2): 209-218.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202206031 Abstract （4103）   HTML （166）    PDF（pc） （2291KB）（3137）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 To provide a theoretical reference for urban green space construction under the “Dual Carbon” goal, we established a carbon neutrality performance evaluation system and analyzed the impacts of vegetation distribution on the carbon neutrality performance of green spaces. 【Method】 Based on life cycle assessments, green space construction was divided into three stages: material production and transportation, site construction and planting, and green space operation and maintenance, which were combined with open, semi-open, covered and closed vegetation types. Carbon emissions and sink simulations were performed to analyze the carbon neutrality performance.【Result】 When the vegetation type changed from openness to closedness, the total carbon emissions increased rapidly and the trend accelerated. The proportions of carbon sources in the three stages decreased, leveled out and increased, respectively. The total carbon sink and net carbon neutrality both increased gradually. The number of years of carbon neutrality decreased gradually, from 43.9 years for open vegetation to 24.6 years for closed vegetation. These trends implied that there was a limit to the degree of vegetation shading for improving the carbon neutrality performance.【Conclusion】 Vegetation type clearly has an impact on the carbon neutrality performance. In terms of carbon sources, strategies such as reducing machinery use, selecting environmentally friendly materials, controlling construction damage, and improving energy utilization efficiency are suggested. For carbon sinks, strategies such as selecting tree species that have dominant local carbon sinks, adjusting the structures of vegetation communities, and regulating and managing green spaces along with life cycles are suggested. Ultimately, we postulate that green space carbon neutrality performance can be achieved by adapting to local conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of exogenous ABA on the synthesis of flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba leaves in vivo LI Tingting, GUO Jing, WANG Guibin JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2023, 47 (4): 88-94.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202109003 Abstract （906）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （1609KB）（3001）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The effects of different concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) on the synthesis of flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba leaves were examined to provide a theoretical basis upon which the internal mechanisms of flavonoid accumulation in G. biloba leaves and leaf forest cultivation could be revealed.【Method】Annual ginkgo seedlings were placed in an artificial climate culture room and treated with exogenous ABA via foliar spraying at five concentration gradients; 0 μmol/L (CK), 50 μmol/L(A1), 100 μmol/L(A2), 150 μmol/L(A3) and 200 μmol/L(A4). The total flavonoid contents, components of G. biloba leaves, and the activities of key enzymes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway were measured, and the expression changes of key enzyme genes involved in G. biloba flavonoid biosynthesis were analyzed using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. 【Result】 ABA treatment had a significant effect on both total flavonoid content and components such as quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin. Increasing the ABA concentration led to an initial increase in the total flavonoid and component content, which was followed by a decrease. The highest total flavonoids, quercetin and isorhamnetin were observed under treatment A3, while the highest kaempferol was associated with A2. ABA treatment had a significant effect on the activities of key enzymes that are involved in flavonoid synthesis in G. biloba leaves (PAL, C4H and 4CL); however, differences were observed in the change trends of the different enzymes. PAL enzyme activity increased gradually as ABA concentrations increased; C4H activity increased and decreased alongside the total flavonoid content; 4CL activity was significantly higher under treatments A2 and A3 than the control; however, 4CL activity was lower under A1 and A4 than the control. The results of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that ABA treatment significantly improves the expression levels of GbPAL,GbC4H,Gb4CL,GbCHS and GbCHI. In general, exogenous ABA improves the flavonoid synthesis in G. biloba leaves, with the best effects observed under treatment A3.【Conclusion】The use of appropriate ABA concentrations can positively regulate the expression of multiple key enzyme genes that code for flavonoid synthesis, improve the activity of key enzymes involved in flavonoid synthesis, and thus promoting the synthesis and accumulation of flavonoids in G. biloba leaves. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Taxonomy and diversity of the genus Cupressus: current status and recommendations LI Jialiang, WU Dayu, MAO Kangshan JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (3): 36-45.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202405017 Abstract （3677）   HTML （238）    PDF（pc） （2256KB）（2996）       Knowledge map    Save Cupressus L., the type of Cupressaceae family, is typified by Cupressus sempervirens L. Over the years, as many other species have been discovered and described, and with advances in phylogenetics and population genetics, the taxonomy and species diversity within the genus Cupressus have been subjects of continuous debate. Traditionally, the Cupressus sensu lato includes species from true Cypresses sensu stricto and New World cypresses (Hesperocyparis Bartel & R.A.Price), while the Cupressus s. s. comprises all Old World species except the Vietnamese golden cypress (Xanthocyparis vietnamensis Farjon & T.H.Nguyên) found in Vietnam. Christenhusz et al. defined the broadest interpretation of Cupressus (Cupressus sensu Christenhusz) which encompasses four groups: true cypresses (Cupressus s.s.), Vietnamese golden cypress, Nootka cypress (Callitropsis nootkatensis (D.Don) Oerst), and New World cypresses. These ideas have been challenged by recent phylogenomic studies. Recent studies have shown that Cupressus s.l. is non-monophyletic, Cupressus s.s. is monophyletic and forms a sister group with the genus Juniperus. The common ancestor of these two is a sister group of the common ancestors of the Xanthocyparis, Callitropsis and Hesperocyparis. Based on current research, the true cypresses should encompass 14 species, including one hybrid. This paper offers new perspectives on previous contentious taxonomic treatments, for instance, reclassifying Cupressus rushforthii Maerki & J.Hoch as a synonym of Cupressus austrotibetica Silba, and confirming that Cupressus × jiangeensis N. Zhao is a hybrid offspring of the Cupressus fallax Franco and Cupressus funebris Endlicher. Additionally, Cupressus ×wangii J.Hoch, Maerki & Rushforth has been reduced to a synonym of Cupressus × jiangeensis. To avoid confusion, it is recommended to rename the recently discovered tallest tree species in Bomi County, Cupressus austrotibetica, to “西藏高柏” (Xizang tall cypress) in Chinese, and the cypress predominantly found in Nepal, Cupressus torulosa D.Don ex Lamb., is referred to as “喜马拉雅柏” (Himalayan cypress) in Chinese, instead of “西藏柏木” (Xizang Cypress). To ensure accuracy and scientific validity in future studies on species delineation within the genus, we recommend integrating multidimensional data from morphology, genetics, ecology and biogeography. This approach will help the reducing of classification confusion and support biodiversity conservation efforts more effectively. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilization on the physiological characteristics of Chaenomeles speciosa ‘Changshouguan’ after processing of warming in the post floral stage LIANG Wenchao, BU Xing, LUO Siqian, XIE Yinfeng, ZHANG Wangxiang, HU Jialin JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2022, 46 (5): 81-88.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202109025 Abstract （1272）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （1474KB）（2952）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The physiological characteristics of Chaenomeles speciosa ‘Changshouguan’ were investigated under nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P and K) compound fertilization to provide a theoretical basis for its rejuvenation cultivation after warming and promotion of flowering. 【Method】 In this study, a quadratic regression orthogonal fertilization experiment design was adopted using five-year-old grafted seedlings of ‘Changshouguan’, along with N, P, K factors. The root fertilization experiment of ‘Changshouuan’ was performed two months after flowering in the same year, and soluble sugar and protein, endogenous hormone, and protective enzyme activities were determined in the plant leaves. 【Results】 (1) Compared with the control, the soluble sugar and protein concentrations in leaves under combined N, P and K fertilizer treatments increased significantly (P<0.05), and the concentrations in leaves under treatment 3 (N3P3K2) were 40.60% and 25.89% higher than those in the control, respectively. (2) The POD and SOD activities in leaves increased, whereas the MDA content decreased when different proportions of N, P and K compound fertilization were applied. Treatments 2 and 3 (N3P2K1 and N3P3K2) were more effective than control (P<0.05). (3) The combined application of N, P and K fertilizer had a significant effect on the endogenous hormone concentrations (ABA, IAA, GA3 and ZR) of ‘Changshouguan’. Although appropriate fertilization increased the contents of IAA, GA3 and ZR in leaves, it decreased the ABA content. The ratio of total IAA, GA3 and ZR contents to that of ABA in treatment groups increased by varying degrees. Correlation analysis revealed that the concentrations of IAA, GA3 and ZR were correlated positively with those of soluble sugar and protein and the activities of POD and SOD in leaves, whereas negatively with those of MDA. The correlation between ABA and the physiological characteristics of leaves was opposite to that between ABA and other hormones. (4) Anova indicated that N was the most important factor affecting leaf physiological characteristics among the three fertilizer factors. Multiple comparative analyses exhibited that the N level had significant effects on all physiological indexes, while P and K had varyingly significant effects on them. Comprehensive analysis of subordinate function revealed that the best combination of N, P and K fertilizer for improving leaf physiological function was N3P3K2 treatment, that is, 1.2 g N, 0.3 g P, and 0.4 g K per plant. 【Conclusion】 Appropriate N, P, K compound fertilization can effectively improve the nutritional function and the antioxidant capacity of ‘Changshouguan’ leaves after warming and flowering promotion, which may be related to the regulation of endogenous hormones. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Regulation of LBD12 transcription factor on wood formation in Populus trichocarpa GAO Yuan, SUN Jiatong, ZHOU Chenguang, CHIANG Vincent, LI Wei, LI Shuang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (1): 29-38.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202301002 Abstract （588）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （4417KB）（2655）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The formation of wood, one of the most important raw materials for pulp and energy, depends on a complex and precise transcriptional regulation process in which transcription factors figure prominently. In Populus trichocarpa, PtrLBD12 (lateral organ boundaries domain 12) is a transcription factor lying downstream of PtrbHLH186, a key regulator of wood formation. Hence, PtrLBD12 was studied in depth here to investigate its function in tree growth and wood formation.【Method】 To determine the role of the PtrLBD12 transcription factor in the growth and wood formation of poplar trees, we analyzed its expression characteristics, generated PtrLBD12 overexpressing plants of P. trichocarpa, and assessed the growth and wood formation traits of transgenic plants. (1) Xylem, phloem, and terminal bud and leaf samples of wild-type P. trichocarpa plants, cultivated in a greenhouse, were collected to extract their respective RNA. Next, transcriptome sequencing was done to analyze the patterns of differentially expressed genes in those distinct tissues, as well as their expression levels of PtrLBD12. (2) To clarify the expression pattern of the PtrLBD12 protein, its subcellular localization was investigated by using the transient transformation system of stem-differentiating xylem protoplasts of P. trichocarpa. (3) To create PtrLBD12-overexpressing plants, the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system of P. trichocarpa was used, with transgenic plants identified at both the DNA and RNA level. (4) Plant stem height, ground (basal) stem diameter, number of stem nodes, and length of the 8th stem node of transgenic and wild-type plants were measured at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting. (5) The 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th stem segments of overexpressing and wild-type greenhouse plants cultivated for 4 months were paraffin-sectioned. Their stem characteristics were then respectively observed via Safranin O/Fast Green and Toluidine Blue staining. LAS X V2.0 software was used to calculate the number of vessel and fiber cells, as well as average lumen area of vessel. (6) The relative expression levels of 22 monolignol biosynthetic pathway genes in the PtrLBD12-overexpressing plants were determined by using quantitative PCR and applying the 2△△Ct calculation.【Result】 (1) Transcriptome analysis of the xylem, phloem, and terminal bud and leaf tissues of P. trichocarpa revealed a higher expression level of PtrLBD12 in both the xylem and phloem. (2) Subcellular localization showed that PtrLBD12 was expressed in the nucleus, where transcription factors in general were found. (3) Three PtrLBD12 overexpressing transgenic lines of P. trichocarpa were obtained, whose relative expression levels were 40.91, 79.51 and 102.19. (4) Overexpressing PtrLBD12 adversely affected the normal growth and development of P. trichocarpa: plant height, ground stem diameter, number of stem nodes, and length of the 8th stem node all decreased significantly in transgenic plants vis-à-vis the wild type. (5) However, overexpression of PtrLBD12 did lead to significantly more vessel and fiber cells per unit of area in the stems of transgenic plants, but these vessels had smaller lumen area. Furthermore, the augmented expression of PtrLBD12 enhanced lignification of the plant stem. (6) Finally, PtrLBD12’s overexpression bolstered the expression levels of multiple genes in the monolignol biosynthetic pathway, namely PtrPAL1, PtrC4H1, PtrC4H2, PtrHCT6, PtrCSE, PtrCSE2, PtrCCoAOMT1, PtrCCoAOMT2, PtrCCoAOMT3, PtrCCR2 and PtrCAld5H1.【Conclusion】As the gene downstream of PtrbHLH186, a key regulator of wood formation in poplar, the LBD12 transcription factor is able to govern the expression of monolignol biosynthetic genes, change the mode of lignin deposition, alter the morphology of xylem cells, and thereby affect plant growth and development. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Research progresses on stable isotopes of water transformation in SPAC system LIN Wenqi, JIA Guodong JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2023, 47 (2): 234-242.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202107016 Abstract （1693）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （1524KB）（2639）       Knowledge map    Save The water conversion process of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) system is an important research topic in ecological hydrology. Stable isotopes, as natural tracers, can effectively trace, integrate and indicate water input, output and transformation processes in the SPAC system. Based on a brief introduction of the application principle of stable isotopes, this study reviewed the progress of research within the context of vertical water transport at the soil-root interface; fractionation in plant water transport; and water exchange at the plant canopy-atmosphere interface based on stable isotope techniques. This study explored the limitations of stable isotopic techniques in terms of elucidating fractionation processes, temporal resolution and spatial heterogeneity in water transformation studies of SPAC systems. Finally, we conclude by providing corresponding suggestions for the future application and development of stable isotope technology. Specifically, we recommend that future research within the context of spac water conversion based on stable isotopes should focus on the following three aspects:(1)In situ observation of the isotopic composition of various isotopic pools with the help of portable isotopic analyzers. (2) Multi isotope analysis of pool isotope composition to analyze the water transport process at the soil root interface, to further determine the water source of trees, and subsequently improve the accuracy of source identification and division, and improve the stable isotope application model. (3) Using isotope labeled pot experiments to accurately control the water source of leaf water absorption, and to analyze the location and time of leaf water absorption at a more fine level. (4) Using controlled isotope labeling and centrifugal technology to extract juice from xylem vessels, the isotope deviation of each pool was compared and analyzed to further study the isotope fractionation mechanisms. Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Progresses of gypsums for the improvement of saline-alkaline soil JIN Mingji, ZHOU Yanhong, WEN Bolong, LIU Liang, LIU Hongyuan JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2023, 47 (2): 1-8.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202209047 Abstract （2013）   HTML （93）    PDF（pc） （1661KB）（2585）       Knowledge map    Save Saline-alkaline soil is not suitable for farming because of its low fertility, consolidation, poor biological activity, low temperature, high salt content and other obstacles. However, the national food security strategy of “Secure the rice bowl in China” requires more efforts to “ask for grains from saline-alkaline land”. Practical experiences have proved that the application of natural or industrial by-product gypsum can effectively improve the properties of saline-alkaline soil, thus increasing the productivity of saline-alkaline land.This study compares the progress of related research at home and abroad for more than 100 years, reviews and summarizes the existing research results of gypsum improvement of saline-alkaline soil, and intends to providea theoretical basis for the improvement and comprehensive promotion of the gypsum improvement technology system. It is intended to provide a theoretical basis for the improvement and comprehensive promotion of the gypsum technology system for improving saline-alkaline soil.The analysis suggests that numerous studies conducted since 1895 have revealed the mechanisms based on the cation exchange process and immobilization process, established several formulas for calculating the suitable application amount, shown that soil bulk density, thickness of soil modification layer, exchangeable sodium percentage and soil cation exchange capacity are representative factors influencing the appropriate amount of gypsum application, and the method of gypsum application based on the degree of saline-alkaline soil was developed. The beneficial effects of gypsum application on soil physical and chemical biology were clarified. At present, the application of gypsum to improve saline-alkaline soil needs to be accompanied by irrigation measures, and the quota is generally 150-200 m3 of gypsum per 666.67 m2. The best method is the continuous irrigation such as sprinkler irrigation or drip irrigation, and different saline-alkaline soil and crop characteristics require different application amounts and irrigation methods. The existing research and practical results provide strong support for the efficient use of saline-alkaline soil. However, there is still a need to further integrate and unify the appropriate application formula. The calculation formula of suitable application amounts should be further integrated and unified, and the calculation method should be established across regions and applicable to various scenarios. The biogeochemical processes of passively introduced elements should be studied in depth, and the response mechanism of soil ecosystem should be revealed; the monitoring level of ecological and environmental risks brought by gypsum application should be improved, and the long-term dynamic quantitative assessment should be carried out. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Changes in pigment and coloration mechanism of leaves during the discoloration period of Pistacia chinensis XU Zhizhao, YANG Xiuyun, WANG Yichen, DU Shuhui JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (2): 97-104.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202210034 Abstract （3373）   HTML （197）    PDF（pc） （2215KB）（2582）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The changes of physiological substances related to the discoloration period of the leaves of Pistacia chinensis in autumn were studied to reveal the regularity between leaf color and content.【Method】 The experiment was conducted to quantify and analyze the changes in leaf color parameters, pigments, osmotic substances, total nitrogen and phosphorus contents and the key enzyme activities of P. chinensis.【Result】 During the discoloration period, the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid in leaves continuously decreased, the content of anthocyanins increased, and the leaves turned red. Anthocyanins in the leaves of P. chinensis showed extremely significantly positive correlations with a* values, the ratio of carotenoid to chlorophyll and anthocyanin to chlorophyll, soluble sugar, free amino acid, phenylalanine ammonialyase(PAL) and anthocyanidin synthase(ANS) (P<0.01). Anthocyanins were positively correlated with dihydroflavonol-4-reductase(DFR) (P<0.05). Anthocyanins were negatively correlated with nitrogen(N) (P<0.05). Anthocyanins were extremely significantly negatively correlated with phosphorus(P) (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】 The anthocyanin/chlorophyll ratio and anthocyanin content in the leaves during the autumn discoloration period of P. chinensis are the material basis for leaf reddening in the middle stage of discoloration. Soluble sugar content and PAL enzyme activity are the key factors affecting color. Mineral elements (nitrogen and phosphorus) content in the discoloration period was significantly reduced, promoting anthocyanin synthesis and affecting leaf color. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Advances in research of cellulose synthase genes in plants QUE Feng, ZHA Ruofei, WEI Qiang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2022, 46 (6): 207-214.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202105039 Abstract （2658）   HTML （101）    PDF（pc） （1705KB）（2551）       Knowledge map    Save Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide in nature, which accounts for more than 50% of the carbon content in the plant kingdom. Cellulose is the main cell wall content in plants and plays a key role in weight bearing. The synthesis of cellulose is catalyzed by cellulose synthase components (CSCs) in the plasma membrane. The research advances on the type, structure, transcriptional regulation of CESA, and the structure, assembly, and traffic of CSCs were reviewed here. The plant cell wall was classified into the primary cell wall and the secondary cell wall. The CSCs involved in cellulose synthesis in different cell wall types are different. The proportion of CESAs in the CSCs varies according to the species. CESA stoichiometry occurs in equimolar amounts in the majority of plants, while in aspen tension wood the secondary cell wall CESA stoichiometry changed to 8∶3∶1. CSCs assemble in the Golgi and are secreted to the plasma membrane through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartment. The abundance and distribution of CSCs in the plasma membrane largely determine the oriented deposition of cellulose. Many key genes were found interacting with special CESA to recognize and regulate CSCs traffic. Plant hormones, such as brassinosteroids, can control the cellulose synthesis by regulating the expression of CESAs. In the future, gene-editing technology can be used to further work on CESA function, CSCs structure model, CESA stoichiometry in CSCs, the relationship between assembly and transport and cellulose synthesis speed in CSCs, and the transcriptional regulation of CESA to improve the regulation mechanisms of plant cellulose synthesis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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The key and core technologies for accelerating the tree breeding process CHEN Yingnan, WEI Suyun, QU Guanzheng, HU Jianju, WANG Junhui, YIN Tongming, PAN Huixin, LU Mengzhu, KANG Xiangyang, LI Laigeng, HUANG Minren, WANG Mingxiu JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2022, 46 (6): 1-9.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202206020 Abstract （2361）   HTML （174）    PDF（pc） （1718KB）（2402）       Knowledge map    Save Elite cultivars provide important foundations for enhancing carbon sink capacity and increasing the productivity of forest plantations. Forestry germplasm resources breeding and quality improvement has been one of the national key research and development programs during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in China. For ensuring timber safety and achieving dual-carbon goals, it is strategically important to break through the bottleneck that restricts the increase in breeding efficiency and the genetic gain of forest trees. Due to the long period, low efficiency, and low phenotypic selection accuracy of traditional breeding approaches, modern breeding technologies represented by molecular breeding have become a critical path towards high-efficient genetic improvement of forest trees. This is because it can considerably shorten breeding cycles and improve target traits with precision. This paper analyzed the main problems limiting the genetic improvement of forest trees, reviewed the key and core technologies for accelerating the tree breeding process, such as genomic selection breeding, and further discussed some future perspectives for this area. This review will provide useful information for accelerating the revolution and innovation of genetic improvement in forest trees. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing and its application prospect in woody plants WANG Ziyue, ZHEN Yan, LIU Guangxin, XI Mengli JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2022, 46 (5): 1-10.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202205024 Abstract （1429）   HTML （61）    PDF（pc） （1828KB）（2386）       Knowledge map    Save Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) is an important technique established in 2013 in human immune cells to study epigenetic regulation. This technique has been used in the identification of genomic regulatory elements, binding sites of transcription factors and analysis of transcriptional regulation mechanism in human and mouse model animals. However, the application of ATAC-seq technique in plants is still in its infancy, and related studies mainly focus on model plants such as Arabidopsis and rice. In this review, we discuss the application of ATAC-seq in plants, including chromatin accessibility sites mapping, stress resistance mechanisms revealing, epigenetic modification and regulatory elements identification. Furthermore, we look at the prospects of applying ATAC-seq in woody plant epigenomics so as to promote its application in woody plant epigenomics research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Comprehensive analysis of WRKY gene family in Sedum plumbizincicola responding to cadmium stress WANG Jianchao, QIU Wenmin, JIN Kangming, LU Zhuchou, HAN Xiaojiao, ZHUO Renying, LIU Xiaoguang, HE Zhengquan JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2023, 47 (2): 49-60.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202201015 Abstract （2248）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （5220KB）（2364）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 WRKY transcription factors play important regulatory roles for a plant abiotic stress response. However, little information is available about WRKY transcription factors in the hyperaccumulating plant Sedum plumbizincicola. The identification of SpWRKY gene family members and analysis of their expression patterns under cadmium stress can provide a reference for molecular cloning of SpWRKYs gene and functional characterization of cadmium tolerance.【Method】 In this study, the genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis of WRKY gene family members were carried out. Expression patterns of WRKY genes under cadmium stress were derived from transcriptome data and qPCR, and the roles of SpWRKY69 in cadmium tolerance were assessed by the heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.【Result】 There were 77 SpWRKYs identified in S. plumbizincicola, unevenly distributed on the chromosomes. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the SpWRKY proteins were classified into three groups (Ⅰ-Ⅲ), among which the second group was further divided into five subgroups (Ⅱa-e). The synteny analysis showed that there were seven collinear gene pairs in the S. plumbizincicola and A. thaliana WRKY gene family and 53 collinear gene pairs for Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi; 19 pairs of SpWRKYs were identified as the segmental duplication. Cis-regulatory elements related to stress and hormone responses were found in the promoters of SpWRKYs. The expression profiles showed that the expression levels of the seven SpWRKYs were significantly up-regulated under cadmium stress, exhibiting a pattern of increasing initially and then decreasing. Over-expression of SpWRKY69 in A. thaliana showed that SpWRKY69 can enhance the transport rate of Cd ions to the shoot and play a negative role in regulating plant cadmium tolerance.【Conclusion】 Structural features of WRKY gene family members in S. plumbizincicola are similar to those of other species, and the fragment duplication is one of the main evolutionary forces. The relative expression levels of some members change significantly under cadmium stress, and SpWRKY69 can increase the transport rate of Cd ions to the shoot, and so other WRKY members may also be involved in the regulation of plant cadmium tolerance. These results provide a foundation for further functional characterization of SpWRKYs related to Cd tolerance. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Effects of different shedding time on aroma and nutrients of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ seed kernel WEI Xixing, HU Yuanyuan, ZHU Guangxia, YU Weiwu, ZHANG Zuying, WU Jiasheng, SONG Lili JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (2): 51-60.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202308024 Abstract （4287）   HTML （241）    PDF（pc） （2554KB）（2327）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The objectives of this study were to elucidate the effect of aril on the quality of Torreya grandis kernel, and compare the aroma components and nutrients of kernels with different peeling times. 【Method】 Aroma components of kernels were determined with different peeling times (0d, kernel sample with aril removed from seed on harvest day; 10CK, kernel sample with aril removed from seed on harvest day and stored at 90% relative humidity and 25 ℃ for 10 days; 10BLACK, kernel sample with aril removed from seed 10 days after harvesting) by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). The characteristic aroma components of kernels at different peeling times were detected, and differences in their nutrient content were also compared. 【Result】 (1) A total of 57 aroma components were identified under different treatments, including terpenes (16 species), alcohols (14 species), benzenes (8 species), aldehydes (6 species), esters (1 species), ketones (7 species), acids (2 species), and ethers (3 species), among which the content of terpenes was the highest. Principal component analysis showed that the main aroma components of the 0d and 10CK samples were terpene and benzene, respectively, whereas those of 10BLACK were ether, ketone, aldehyde, ester, alcohol, and acid compounds. (2) Venn plot analysis showed that the number of characteristic substances of 0d, 10CK and 10BLACK was 14, 10 and 16, respectively, among which 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol, 4,6,6-trimethyl-, and Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one, 4,6,6-trimethyl-, (1S)- had a peculiar odor. (3) Compared to 0d samples, the crude fat, soluble sugar, and soluble protein content of 10CK samples was significantly higher (P<0.05), whereas the starch content was significantly lower (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in crude fat, soluble sugar, starch, and soluble protein content between 10BLACK and 10CK samples. 【Conclusion】 Compared to kernels from seed peeled off on harvest day, those peeled at 10 days after harvesting formed more abnormal odors. Therefore, T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ should be promptly peeled after picking, otherwise it will produce odorous aromatic substances that affect the flavor of its kernel. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Advances on pathogenic mechanisms and endophytes-employed biological control of fungal diseases on major timber forests in China SUN Meiling, HUANG Lin, YE Jianren, HE Jiao, WANG Zhi JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2022, 46 (6): 225-232.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202209067 Abstract （1572）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （1712KB）（2263）       Knowledge map    Save The area of planted forests in China ranks first in the world, but the per capita consumption of timber is only 1/5 that the of developed countries. The dependence on foreign timber is colsed to 50%. Timber forests are of great significance to China’s timber and ecological security forest carbon sequestration and green development. However, due to single tree species, simple stand structure, and low level of biodiversity biological disasters occur frequently in timber forests. Among them, fungal diseases are responsible for the major biological disasters on timber forests in China. This study focuses on the scientific aspects such as the pathogenic mechanisms and green control, and reviews the etiology, occurrence characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, and biological control by endophytes on the main fungal diseases on timber species in China. The epidemic monitoring, pathogen-host interaction, cultivation management, sustainable green prevention and control, and other integrated control strategies of major fungal diseases on timber forests in the future are prospected as well. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Plant hormones and metabolites response to feeding stimulation by pine caterpillar (Dendrolimus tabulaeformis) and leaf clipping control in Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) ZHAO Ya’nan, SUN Tianhua, WANG Lifeng, XU Qiang, LIU Junxia, GAO Baojia, ZHOU Guona JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (1): 219-226.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202206014 Abstract （1443）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （1817KB）（2239）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This experiment was conducted with the aim of defining changes in metabolic pathways in response to mandibulate insect feeding and providing references for the growth and protection of Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis).【Method】Pure P. tabuliformis forest in good growth status in Huangtuliangzi Forest Farm of Pingquan City, Chengde City, Hebei Province was the experimental field. Branches with consistent branch length and height above the ground in four directions were stimulated by ten pine caterpillars (Dendrolimus tabulaeformis) for feeding stimulation and leaf clipping control for mechanical damage. The pine needles were collected 3 cm below the chewing or cutting sites. The CK group received no treatment (0 h, recorded as 0 h), and 10 intact pine needles were collected. Metabolome and total flavonoid contents were measured in the needles at 0, 2 and 8 h after the different treatment modes. The plant hormones JA, SA, IAA and ABA were measured using needles at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 h after different treatments.【Result】Analysis of metabolomics showed that the top three pathways mainly annotated and enriched for DAMs compared to 2.0 h after FS and LCC are flavonoid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism; the top three pathways mainly annotated and enriched for DAMs compared to 8.0 h after FS and LCC are flavonoid biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism, and flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis. Thus, D. tabulaeformis feeding stimulation can significantly induce the upregulation of flavonoid expression at the chewing sites of needles when compared to the leaf clipping control. The plant hormones, JA and IAA, showed expression trends consistent with those of the corresponding substances in the metabolome. A significant positive correlation between JA and SA, JA and IAA and IAA and ABA (P< 0.05) was observed. 【Conclusion】Thus, the flavonoid pathway is one of the main pathways involved in resistant formation in conifers. Simple damage mechanisms did not induce significant differences in JA, IAA and ABA; thus, JA, IAA and ABA are involved in the development of resistance and growth during biotic stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The potential application of GGPPS gene in improving plant color and aroma traits WANG Lianggui, ZENG Guimin, YANG Xiulian, YUE Yuanzheng JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202305025 Abstract （915）   HTML （73）    PDF（pc） （3516KB）（2207）       Knowledge map    Save Color and aroma are important factors that affect the ornamental quality of garden plants and have a decisive impact on their ornamental value. Carotenoids are important pigment substances in plants and are key aromatic components in plants. The geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (GGPPS), which is located at a critical intersection of the two synthesis pathways, has a considerable impact on the formation of plant color and aromatic-related metabolites. This study reviews the structure, classification, and evolutionary clustering of GGPPS proteins, transcriptional regulation of GGPPS genes, and other regulatory factors. We further summarize the mechanism by which GGPPS genes affect the formation of plant color and aroma and explore their potential applications in improving plant color and aroma traits. The aim of this study is to provide new genetic resources and research ideas for the genetic improvement of ornamental plant traits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Changes of non-structured carbohydrate and starch metabolizing enzyme in bulbs of Lycoris radiata within the annual growth cycle WEI Xuying, ZHANG Yao, MA Meixia, JIANG Xueru, CHEN Huiting, WU Jing, YANG Yu, CAI Junhuo JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (1): 106-114.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202201008 Abstract （534）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （1979KB）（2195）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The study investigated inherent relationship between the unique growth rhythm of Lycoris spp. and changes in non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and related metabolic enzyme activities. The aim was to provide a research basis for studies of the intrinsic physiological mechanism of L. spp. unique flowering habits and summer leaf dormancy.【Method】In 4-year-old clonal bulbs of L. radiata, the contents of six NSC and nine starch metabolism activities were determined by spectrophotometric and micrometric methods at six growth stages, including leafing-out period, rapid leaf extension period, leaf maturity period, leaf withering period, dormancy period and flowering period.【Result】The NSC content in bulbs at different developmental stages was significantly different. Total NSC, soluble sugar, fructose, and reductive sugar content were the highest in the leaf maturity period. Starch and sucrose contents were the highest in the leaf withering period. The peak starch accumulation lagged behind that of soluble sugars. Significant differences were evident in the activities of nine metabolic enzymes in bulbs at different developmental stages (P < 0.01). During the same period, the activity of ADP-glucose pyrophorylase (AGP) was significantly higher than those of the other eight enzymes. The activities of β-amylase (β-AL) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) were always higher than α-amylase (α-AL) and starch debranching enzyme(DBE), and the activities of soluble starch synthase (SSS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) were respectively higher than that of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) and sucrose synthase (SuS), which corresponded with the significantly higher fructose content in bulbs in different periods. Sucrose and starch contents were negatively correlated with SBE activity and positively correlated with GBSS activity. The opposite correlations were observed for fructose and maltose. In addition, sucrose content was also negatively correlated with the activity of β-AL.【Conclusion】The change of NSC content in bulbs was positively correlated with the vigorous state of leaf growth. Starch accumulation in bulbs was mainly positively regulated by AGP and SPS and negatively regulated by SSS, SBE and DBE. The accumulation of sucrose in bulbs is mainly from amylolysis, rather than translocation of photosynthetic organs. In addition, the fructose content of bulbs was significantly higher than the sucrose content during the annual growth cycle, which may be related to the unique biological characteristics of L. radiata. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Research on forest fire risk evaluation based on machine learning algorithm LI Shixin, ZHANG Fuquan, LIN Haifeng JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2023, 47 (5): 49-56.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202202004 Abstract （1543）   HTML （62）    PDF（pc） （3099KB）（2189）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Forest fire risk maps are necessary to improve effective patrols and optimize the scientific layout of limited fire prevention resources. This study uses machine learning algorithms to construct forest fire occurrences based on terrain, human activities, vegetation, and meteorological factor data.【Method】With Jiushan Mountain in Chuzhou city in Anhui province as the research object, we extracted the following potential driving factors: slope, elevation, aspect, distance to settlement, distance to road, topographic wetness index, normalized difference vegetation index and temperature of the study area, evaluated the driving factors of fire occurrence, and then divided the potential driving factors into topography, human activities, vegetation, meteorological factors, and other four categories. Historical fire points in the forest area were extracted from the sentinel fire products. A prediction model for forest fire occurrence was then constructed using a machine learning algorithm. Finally, the accuracy of the models was evaluated using a confusion matrix and receiver operating characteristic curves. 【Result】We found that vegetation, temperature and distance to the road are the main driving factors of forest fires in the study area. The ROC curves of the two models showed that the Logistic regression prediction model had an accuracy of 71.07%, where the area under the curve was 0.717 2. Meanwhile, the random forest model had a better accuracy, with an accuracy of 84.91% and an area under the curve of 0.850 1.【Conclusion】The random forest model exhibits a better predictive ability than that does the logistic regression model. Furthermore, the generated forest fire risk map shows that 11.91% (29.36 km2) of the study area is at a high or extremely a high risk. If utilized, this forest fire risk map can effectively help forest fire protection managers implement appropriate measures to protect forest resources in Jiushan Mountain. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Effect of stand density on radial growth-climate relationship of Larix gmelinii HAN Xinyu, GAO Lushuang, QIN Li, PANG Rongrong, LIU Mingqian, ZHU Yihong, TIAN Yiyu, ZHANG Jin JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (2): 182-190.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202209007 Abstract （3203）   HTML （169）    PDF（pc） （2250KB）（2166）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 To develop a sustainable management plan for Larix gmelinii, which is influenced by climate change, it is crucial to understand the dynamic relationship between radial growth and climate in forests with different tree densities.【Method】 Based on the stand density index, nine plots with three density levels (low, middle, high) were established in the central and northern Greater Khingan Mountains. Tree cores of L. gmelinii were collected during a field investigation. The Mann-Kendall test method was used to determine the turning point of temperature in the study area. To examine the radial growth trend of L. gmelinii, negative exponential function detrending and a linear function fitting were applied. Then, a Pearson correlation and sliding correlation were used to analyze whether the relationship between the radial growth and climate factors under each stand density remained stable after the temperature turning point.【Result】 The radial growth of L. gmelinii displayed trends of both enhancement and decline after the temperature turning point. The proportion of declining trees increased with increasing stand density. The growth of L. gmelinii was strongly inhibited when the stand density was high. Its average growth change rate reached -25% during 1988-1990, indicating a serious growth decline. Instead, the L. gmelinii trees in low density plots maintained a 54% growth enhancement ratio. Stand density may also influence the response of L. gmelinii growth to climate. Under a high stand density, the L. gmelinii growth of the decline group was positively correlated with the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in August (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with summer temperature (P<0.05), but under a low stand density, the growth of L. gmelinii was positively correlated with temperature. With the warming and drying trend in the study area, the relationship between tree growth and temperature shifted from positive to negative with increasing stand density.【Conclusion】 The proportion of declining trees increased with increasing stand density after the significant change of temperature. The impact of water limitation on growth was alleviated at a low stand density, while the trees in high density plots were more sensitive to climate factors. Reducing the stand density could mitigate the negative impacts of climate warming on the growth of L. gmelinii. Therefore, adjusting stand density is a necessary management operation to slow the declining trend of L. gmelinii. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Application of structural equation model in growth of Larix gmelinii stand GAO Yu, LI Jing, LIU Yang, WU Yahan, GONG Jiaxing, XIN Qirui JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2023, 47 (1): 38-46.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202104028 Abstract （1529）   HTML （38）    PDF（pc） （1871KB）（2165）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to determine the effects of climate, soil, and altitude on growth indicators and pathway relationships in Xing’an larch (Larix gmelinii) forests. 【Method】 The annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation, solar radiation, soil total nitrogen content, soil organic carbon density, and altitude were selected as influencing factors to explore the relationships between aboveground biomass, underground biomass, and tree height and these underlying factors. A structural equation model of climate, soil, and altitude was constructed using AMOS 21.0 software to measure the growth of Larix gmelinii stand. 【Result】 The aboveground and underground biomass of Larix gmelinii first increased and then decreased with an increase in altitude and annual mean precipitation, and the tree height increased with increasing altitude. The aboveground and underground biomass increased with an increase in soil organic carbon density. The total effect coefficient of altitude on the growth of Larix gmelinii was positive (0.200), and the direct effect (0.224) of altitude on the growth of Larix gmelinii was greater than the indirect effect (-0.024). The total effect coefficient of the climatic factors on the growth of Larix gmelinii was negative, at -0.771. The total influence coefficient of soil factors on the growth of Larix gmelinii was -0.216, which means these factors can slightly inhibit the growth of Larix gmelinii. 【Conclusion】 According to the path coefficient of the structural equation model, the absolute value of the total influence coefficient of climate factors was the largest, followed by that of soil and altitude. The static growth of Larix gmelinii forest is mainly restricted by climatic factors, which has guiding significance for predicting and evaluating changes in forest growth at high latitudes under the condition of global climate change. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The spatio-temporal characteristics of soil erosion in orchards of Dalian City based on the CSLE model JI Xinyu, YU Yue, ZHANG Sifan, LIU Yuanyuan JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (3): 117-124.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202304015 Abstract （2542）   HTML （98）    PDF（pc） （3079KB）（2142）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The orchards in Dalian City suffer from soil erosion due to vigorous developmental activities. This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the status of soil erosion, determine the spatio-temporal characteristics of soil erosion in orchards in Dalian City, and explore the key factors that influence soil erosion. The results can provide significant insights for the healthy development and ecological protection of the orchard industry in Dalian City. 【Method】 The characteristics of soil erosion in orchards in Dalian City were assessed by using the Chinese soil loss equation (CSLE) model, based on geographic big data available online. The results were visually interpreted, and the dynamic changes and factors influencing soil erosion in the study area were subsequently analyzed. 【Result】 The area of soil erosion constituted approximately 40% of the total area of Dalian City, and the erosion was serious in the northern and southern mountainous and hilly regions. The average soil erosion modulus of the orchards in Dalian City was 1 230.29, 1 150.95, 2 311.36, 6 384.55, 3 399.60 and 3 484.24 t/(km2·a) in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Analysis of the intensity of soil erosion primarily revealed micro and slight erosion. Strong and above grade erosion was primarily observed in Ganjingzi, Jinzhou, and Lüshunkou District. Soil erosion was primarily observed in slope grades below 25° and in regions with rainfall grades ranging between 500 and 900 mm. The finding revealed that greenhouse coverage could reduce soil erosion in greenhouse orchards and open field/facility orchards, and vegetation coverage could effectively reduce soil erosion in open field orchards. 【Conclusion】 Soil erosion in the orchards in Dalian City exhibits obvious spatial distribution characteristics in that the intensity of erosion is high in the south and low in the north area. The successful control of soil erosion in orchards and the efficient promotion and sustainable development of the orchard industry can be achieved in future by increasing the area of greenhouse coverage, increasing the vegetation coverage of outdoor greenhouses, and selecting the location of orchards reasonably. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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The effects of heat stress on herbivorous insects: an overview and future directions LI Hui, HAO Dejun, XU Tian, DAI Lulu JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2022, 46 (6): 215-224.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202209041 Abstract （1742）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （1742KB）（2099）       Knowledge map    Save Insects, as a group of ectotherm animals, are extraordinarily susceptible to heat stress. Exploring the effects of heat stress on herbivorous insects can provide an important theoretical basis for monitoring the population dynamics of agricultural and forestry insect pests and predicting potential changes in their geographical distributions under the background of climate warming. From the aspects of individuals, interspecific interaction, populations and communities, we reviewed the research progress of the impacts of heat stress on herbivorous insects. Heat stress has negative effects on the growth, development, reproduction, physiology and biochemistry of herbivorous insects, which has evolved a series of strategies responding to heat stress by modifying morphology, behavior and related gene expression. The effects of heat stress on host plants, natural enemies and symbiotic microorganisms can also be transmitted to herbivorous insects through interspecific interactions, resulting in changes in the tertiary trophic relationships among host plants, herbivorous insects and natural enemies. Meanwhile, heat stress can also indirectly affect herbivorous insects’ population dynamics as well as their diversities and ecological functions in the natural communities, by influencing insect individuals and their interspecific interactions with other organisms, which may lead to large outbreaks or declines in the populations of herbivorous insects. Finally, the future research directions in this field are as follows: from the individual perspective, the treatment mode of high-temperature stress should be optimized, and environmental factors such as drought and precipitation should be comprehensively considered; long-term field monitoring of agricultural and forestry pest populations should be performed, and the influence of high temperature stress on the genes of insect participation in growth, development, and reproduction should be studied; at the interspecific relationship level, attention should be paid to the effects of high temperature stress on the complex and diverse food webs or intercroprising systems associated with insects; in addition, the effects of high temperature stress on the physiological characteristics and behavioral patterns of various insect species should be combined to determine the effects of elevated temperatures on insect communities. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Leaf structure variations and relationship with environmental factors among germplasm resources of Vernicia fordii CAO Linqing, ZHONG Qiuping, ZOU Yuling, TIAN Feng, HE Yichang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2023, 47 (4): 95-102.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202108020 Abstract （1256）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （2023KB）（2094）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】A common garden experiment was used to explore the adaptation mechanisms of leaf structure to geographical environment changes. 【Method】In this study, the anatomical structure and stomatal characteristics of the leaves of 46 Vernicia fordii provenances were observed and measured by the paraffin wax slices method and nail oil seal method. Redundancy analysis, traditional correlation analysis and systematic clustering were used to analyze the differences in leaf structural characteristics, as well as the relationship between leaf traits and environmental factors.【Result】The results showed that the leaf structure characteristics of V. fordii had significant variation (P<0.01), the coefficients of variation of P/S, stomatal area, stomatal density and spongy tissue thickness were more than 20%. There were significant correlations between the leaf anatomical structure and leaf stomatal structure. Latitude, longitude, mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation contributed largely to the variations of leaf structure characteristics of V. fordii. Principal component analysis revealed that the first five principal components represented 91.02%. Ten indexes, including stomatal density, stomatal perimeter and stomatal area, were selected for hierarchical cluster analysis. Overall, 46 V. fordii germplasms were clustered into three groups with a Euclidean distance of 5.0. The clustering results reflected the characteristics of the leaf tissue structure of various groups, and the difference was mainly reflected in the stomatal characteristics. 【Conclusion】 The difference in the geographical environment was one of the major factors that affected the variations of the leaf structure of V. fordii. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Effects of BpGLK1 interference expression on leaf color and growth of Betula pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ YANG Yunli, CAO Li, WANG Yang, GU Chenrui, CHEN Kun, LIU Guifeng JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (1): 18-28.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202207018 Abstract （594）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （2651KB）（2009）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Betula pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ is an European white birch species found in the northeast of China. After entering the reproductive growth stage, the pistil development is normal and can pollinate with other European white birch or white birch species to produce offspring; however, the stamens are aborted and cannot produce pollen. Because of the beautiful tree posture, clean white bark, and notable leaf edges with cracks, B. pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ has high ornamental value and is gradually being used in street greening to enrich plant species in urban landscaping. However, with improvements in the living standards of urban residents, diverse and colorful forms of greenery have become favored. Therefore, changing the leaf color of these tree species will enhance the application prospects in landscape architecture. The golden2-like (GLK) gene belongs to the GARP transcription factor superfamily of Myb transcription factors. GLK transcription factors are involved in regulating plant chloroplast development and hormone signaling, and play important roles in plant disease resistance, nutrient synthesis and leaf senescence, indicating that GLK transcription is the key gene for reforming plant leaf color. GLK transcription factors mainly regulate light capture and chlorophyll biosynthesis-related gene expression during plant chloroplast development as well as fruit skin color, thereby affecting chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development. Therefore, to cultivate colorful tree species for urban landscaping and scenery preferences, a molecular-based breeding method was used to create the golden leaf B. pendula ‘Dalecarlica’. 【Method】 B. pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ stem segments were used. The previously constructed 35S::BpGLK1-RNAi vector was introduced into the B. pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ genome via the agrobacterium method. DNA and RNA were extracted from wild type (WT) and resistant transgenic lines and were measured. The BpGLK1 interfering expression lines of B. pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ were expanded and transplanted. The leaf color, photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic parameters, plant height growth, and gene expression characteristics of the BpGLK1 interfering expression lines of B. pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ were determined. 【Result】 Resistant calluses were obtained after co-cultivation on a selective medium for 30 days. The calluses were differentiated and cultured to obtain resistant adventitious buds, which were inoculated into a rooting medium. Adventitious roots were grown and transgenic B. pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ mutants were obtained. Eight herbicide-resistant regenerated transformation lines (RE1-RE8) were obtained following transplantation into the seedling trays. Using the total DNA of eight transgenic B. pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ leaves as templates and the pFGC5941-GLK1 plasmid as positive control, PCR amplification was performed on the forward target sequence and complementary sequence of the BpGLK1 gene, indicating that the interfering fragment of BpGLK1 gene and Bar gene have been integrated into the genome of the transgenic B. pendula ‘Dalecarlica’. The relative BpGLK1 expression in these transgenic lines was downregulated, with RE1-RE4 being the largest, whereas the RE6-RE8 decrease was relatively small. Among the eight transgenic lines, RE1-RE5 were yellow-leaf lines and RE6-RE8 were green-leaf lines. The leaf color parameters and relative chlorophyll content of 1-year-old transgenic lines were investigated in the transplanted fields, and the results indicated that compared with the WT and green-leaf lines RE6-RE8, the yellow-leaved strains RE1-RE5 showed significantly higher leaf color parameters L* and b* and lower chlorophyll a and b contents (P<0.05); however, the ratio of chlorophyll a to b exhibited an increasing trend. This result showed that low BpGLK1 expression significantly improved the leaf brightness of the transgenic lines. The Fv/Fm value of the transgenic strains was higher or significantly higher than that of the WT strain, with the yellow line RE2 having the highest Fv/Fm value, which was 1.39% higher than that of the WT strain. However, there was no significant difference in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) between transgenic lines and WT plants. Plant heights of the transgenic lines in the year of transplantation were surveyed. Plant height analysis showed that the four transgenic lines RE1, RE2, RE4 and RE6 were significantly higher than those in the WT, and there was no significant difference between the three transgenic lines RE3, RE5, RE7 and the WT. Only the height of line RE8 was significantly lower than that of WT. Based on RNA-seq, four genes, BpCOL, BpLCHⅡ, BpPDS, were significantly down-regulated. qRT-PCR analysis of these four genes indicated that they were significantly downregulated in RE1-RE3 expression. 【Conclusion】 The introduced GLK1 interfering target sequence reduced the BpGLK1 expression in transgenic B. pendula ‘Dalecarlica’. The obtained yellow-leaved B. pendula ‘Dalecarlica’ lines have potential applications in landscaping. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Improved time series models based on EMD and CatBoost algorithms: taking PM2.5 prediction of Dalian City as an example ZHAO Lingxiao, LI Zhiyang, QU Leilei JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (3): 268-274.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202205005 Abstract （860）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （2848KB）（2000）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The study aims to address the problem of low accuracy in traditional PM2.5 concentration time series prediction, and to reduce the impact of nonlinearity, high noise, instability and volatility on the prediction of PM2.5 time series, to predict PM2.5 concentration more accurately. 【Method】 The haze PM2.5 data of Dalian City from January 1, 2014 to January 31, 2022 was used as an example. In this study, a hybrid machine learning time series model with the combination of empirical modal decomposition (EMD), classification boosting (CatBoost) and autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) was proposed. It was compared with the traditional autoregressive model (AR), ARIMA and the hybrid model with only the EMD method. 【Result】 The hybrid model EMD-CatBoost-ARIMA improved the root mean square error (RMSE) of the original sequence by 20.76%, the mean absolute error (MAE) by 17.40%, and the theil inequality coefficient (TIC) by 29.17%. 【Conclusion】 For reconstructed sequences with high entropy values, the EMD decomposition method and CatBoost algorithm can significantly improve the prediction performance of PM2.5 time series models. Compared with the traditional time series models, the EMD-CatBoost-ARIMA model has higher performance in PM2.5 concentration prediction. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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The origin, development and propspect of Non-timber Forest-based Economics CHEN Xingliang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2022, 46 (6): 105-114.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202210024 Abstract （1104）   HTML （41）    PDF（pc） （2532KB）（1991）       Knowledge map    Save The theory and technology of “Non-timber Forest-based Economics” are developed in the bachround of to deepening of the international community’s understanding of the key role of forests in the global sustainable development, especially the multi-functional role of forests, the protection of biodiversity, the maintenance of water and land resources, and the provision of a variety of wood and non-wood forest products, as well as the development of forest ecological economy, the promotion of sustainable forest management and the deepening of multi-functional forest construction.It conforms to the trend of the development of forest-related interdisciplinary frontiers in the world.“Non-timber Forest-based Economics”, focuses on the complete and modern concept of forest resources, takes the forest eco-economic system as the research object, takes the output of non-timber forest products and forest ecological products as the goal, and takes multi-disciplinary integration theory and technology as the means to systematically study the characteristics and functions of underforest economic resources, together with the basic theory, basic methods and scientific and technological system formed by its ecological protection, cultivation, management and development and scientific and rational utilization. Research on the basic theory of “Non-timber Forest-based Economics”, comes from Ecology, Economics, Ecological Economics, Agriculture (Forestry) and other disciplines, and the main body is composed of under-forest economic resources, under-forest ecology, agroforestry management, under-forest economic industry management and so on.Based on the natural solutions and natural benefit-oriented economic growth, “Non-timber Forest-based Economics” in the future will focus on the protection, cultivation and intensive processing and utilization of undergrowth economic biological resources, the construction of structural optimization, functional coordination, healthy and stable forest ecosystem supply services, the optimization and adjustment of agroforestry complex system and the promotion of benefits. Efforts should be made to establish an industrial system with high efficiency, high yield, high quality and sustainability.This paper analyzes the background of the development of under-forest economics, summarizes the development status of under-forest economy, expounds the discipline connotation, characteristics, research object and discipline system focus of under-forest economics, and looks forward to the focus and breakthrough direction of underforest economy research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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A review of the value realization path of forestry carbon sink products PENG Hongjun, XU Xiao, YU Xiaoping JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2022, 46 (6): 177-186.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202207023 Abstract （1174）   HTML （61）    PDF（pc） （2152KB）（1962）       Knowledge map    Save Analyzing the value realization path of forestry carbon sink products can help realize the integration and win-win of ecological benefits, economic benefits and social benefits of forestry carbon sinks. Through the literature review and case inductive analysis, the related concepts of forestry carbon sink products were introduced, the value realization path of forestry carbon sink products was summarized, and the shortcomings of its development were explored. Finally, based on the current situation of academic research and practice development in China, we provide suggestions for future theoretical research and mechanism design. The authors defines the concept of forestry carbon sink finance, and believes that the value realization path of forestry carbon sink products can be summarized as the government ecological compensation path, the forestry carbon sink financial path and forestry carbon sink industrialization paths. These three paths are helpful to realize the value of forestry carbon sink products. However, the current lack of sustainable government ecological compensation in various countries, the urgent need to improve forestry carbon sink trading rules, weak willingness of financial institutions to participate in forestry carbon sink finance, and slow industrialization of forestry carbon sinks restrict the realization of the value of forestry carbon sink products. To improve the forestry carbon sink ecological compensation system, we suggest promoting the incorporation of forestry carbon sink products into the national unified carbon market, strengthening the theoretical and practical research on the forestry carbon sink financial path, improving the forestry carbon sink industry as the core industrial support policy, and strengthening the construction of the guarantee mechanism for the value of forestry carbon sink products, etc. These aspects will promote the realization of the value of China’s forestry carbon sink. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Affecting factors analysis of functional diversity at different forest strata in an old growth forest community in Yachang Natural Reserve WANG Yaoyi, WANG Hongxiang, WANG Yongqiang, ZENG Wenhao, YE Shaoming JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 28-38.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202208030 Abstract （1708）   HTML （103）    PDF（pc） （2573KB）（1958）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Functional diversity is crucial for forest biodiversity protection and maintenance of ecosystem stability. Exploring the characteristics and causes of functional diversity variation at different stratum levels will assist in understanding the maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity and plant community assembly processes. 【Method】 Leaf traits and environmental factors were collected from forest plot data from an 1.6 hm2 evergreen broadleaved forest in Guangxi Yachang Orchidaceae National Natural Reserve. K-means partitioning and Gaussian kernel density estimation were used for stratification. The direct and indirect effects of species diversity and environmental factors (light, topography, and soil) on functional diversity were explored in different forest strata using structural equation models. 【Result】 The diversity indices of the understory were greater than those of the canopy (P<0.05). Species diversity had a significant direct impact on all four functional diversity indices in the understory layer, whereas only the functional richness index (FRic) and quadratic entropy (RAOQ) indices were affected directly by species diversity in the canopy layer (P<0.05). A significant indirect effect (β = 0.278, P<0.01) of canopy openness on FRic index and a direct effect (β = -0.593, P<0.01) of canopy openness on functional evenness index (FEve) were found for understory trees. Topographic factors affected canopy functional diversity. Specifically, there was a relatively significant direct effect of aspect on FEve (β = -0.420, P<0.01) and RAOQ (β = -0.300, P<0.05) indices for canopy trees. Soil factors mainly affected the functional diversity of different forest layers through species diversity. Soil total phosphorus, available phosphorus, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, and available potassium content had a greater effect on the functional diversity of the understory, whereas soil total potassium content affected the FRic and RAOQ indices of the canopy. 【Conclusion】 There were marked differences in the characteristics of functional diversity at different forest stratum in the study area. Functional diversity was mainly affected by species diversity, canopy openness, and soil nutrients of understory plants, whereas topographic factors determined the functional diversity of the canopy layer. This study reveals the effects of biological and abiotic environmental factors on functional diversity across different forest layers and expands the understanding of the diversity of vertical stratification. The findings provide a further reference for biodiversity protection in natural forests. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of external 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) application on the development and physiological characteristics of Ginkgo biloba leaves WANG Mengke, YANG Xiaoming, WANG Guibin, ZHOU Tinging, GUO Ying, GUO Jing JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2023, 47 (4): 81-87.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202109026 Abstract （2452）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （1459KB）（1955）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 To better understand how 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) affects the development and physiological characteristics of ginkgo, different concentrations were sprayed onto ginkgo leaves, laying a theoretical basis upon which the oriented cultivation of ginkgo can be applied. 【Method】 Ginkgo leaves were placed in a randomized block design and treated with different concentrations of EBR (0-2.0 mg/L). The growth index, photosynthetic characteristics, and hormone content of EBR-treated annual seedlings were measured. 【Result】 The growth of ginkgo seedlings differed significantly following EBR treatment (P <0.05), with 1.0 mg/L EBR leading to increases of 23.6%, 52.6%, 140.2%, 87.7% and 69.1% in the maximum leaf length, leaf area, plant height, leaf weight and total weight, respectively, as compared to the control. Treatment with 1.5 mg/L (BR3) and 2.0 mg/L (BR4) led to increases of 40.2% and 41.5%, respectively, in the net photosynthetic rate as compared to the control. The maximum content of the endogenous hormones dihydrozein, indolepropionic acid, gibberellin, and abscisic acid and the minimum auxin content was observed under 1.5 mg/L EBR. The content of endogenous brassinolide was significantly positively correlated with the contents of methyl jasmonic and indolepropionic acid and negatively correlated with zeatin (R > 0.5, P < 0.05). 【Conclusion】 The results indicate that the exogenous spraying of ginkgo with EBR is an effective agronomic measure that could improve the net photosynthetic rate of gingko, while also regulating the content of endogenous hormones in the plant, thus promoting stem elongation, leaf area expansion, and leaf dry weight accumulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited: