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Advances in research of wildland-urban interface fires WANG Qiuhua, WANG Jin, LI Xiaona, MA Cheng, HONG Ruicheng, CAO Hengmao, GAO Zhongliang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 1-10.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202303047 Abstract （2424）   HTML （155）    PDF（pc） （1599KB）（4592）       Knowledge map    Save As the wildland-urban interface (WUI) becomes an increasingly important area of focus, the close relationship between human settlements and natural ecosystems such as forests has led to a high incidence of fires. Human activities play significant roles in the occurrence of fires in the WUI, and with rapid urbanization and the construction of forest cities, the complexity and severity of these fires have increased. This paper provides an overview of research progress on fires in the WUI, through literature analysis and case studies. At present, the concept of the WUI in China lacks clarity and standardization, highlighting the need for further research in this area. Future research should focus on expanding the database of interface fire cases and integrating satellite monitoring systems, video surveillance, and big data platforms to establish an early warning and monitoring system for the WUI. In addition, strengthening the research on fire behavior simulation and remote sensing monitoring, especially UAV fire behavior detection technology research on fire behavior simulations and remote sensing monitoring of WUI and unmanned aerial, remote-sensing monitoring and other new technologies will be crucial for providing effective solutions for fire prevention and control in the WUI. This will also contribute to the improvement of management measures, standards, and risk reduction strategies. Overall, the emphasis on new technologies and scientific research will provide a solid foundation for the management and reduction of fire risks in the WUI. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Affecting factors analysis of functional diversity at different forest strata in an old growth forest community in Yachang Natural Reserve WANG Yaoyi, WANG Hongxiang, WANG Yongqiang, ZENG Wenhao, YE Shaoming JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 28-38.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202208030 Abstract （1708）   HTML （103）    PDF（pc） （2573KB）（1958）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Functional diversity is crucial for forest biodiversity protection and maintenance of ecosystem stability. Exploring the characteristics and causes of functional diversity variation at different stratum levels will assist in understanding the maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity and plant community assembly processes. 【Method】 Leaf traits and environmental factors were collected from forest plot data from an 1.6 hm2 evergreen broadleaved forest in Guangxi Yachang Orchidaceae National Natural Reserve. K-means partitioning and Gaussian kernel density estimation were used for stratification. The direct and indirect effects of species diversity and environmental factors (light, topography, and soil) on functional diversity were explored in different forest strata using structural equation models. 【Result】 The diversity indices of the understory were greater than those of the canopy (P<0.05). Species diversity had a significant direct impact on all four functional diversity indices in the understory layer, whereas only the functional richness index (FRic) and quadratic entropy (RAOQ) indices were affected directly by species diversity in the canopy layer (P<0.05). A significant indirect effect (β = 0.278, P<0.01) of canopy openness on FRic index and a direct effect (β = -0.593, P<0.01) of canopy openness on functional evenness index (FEve) were found for understory trees. Topographic factors affected canopy functional diversity. Specifically, there was a relatively significant direct effect of aspect on FEve (β = -0.420, P<0.01) and RAOQ (β = -0.300, P<0.05) indices for canopy trees. Soil factors mainly affected the functional diversity of different forest layers through species diversity. Soil total phosphorus, available phosphorus, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, and available potassium content had a greater effect on the functional diversity of the understory, whereas soil total potassium content affected the FRic and RAOQ indices of the canopy. 【Conclusion】 There were marked differences in the characteristics of functional diversity at different forest stratum in the study area. Functional diversity was mainly affected by species diversity, canopy openness, and soil nutrients of understory plants, whereas topographic factors determined the functional diversity of the canopy layer. This study reveals the effects of biological and abiotic environmental factors on functional diversity across different forest layers and expands the understanding of the diversity of vertical stratification. The findings provide a further reference for biodiversity protection in natural forests. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analyzing the genetic diversity of Nymphaea spp. based on SSR markers MAO Liyan, LI Huimin, LONG Lingyun, HUANG Qiuwei, TANG Yuwei, YU Yanping, HUANG Xinyi, TAN Xiaohui, NONG Xiaohui, ZHU Tianlong, LU Zushuang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 57-68.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202302029 Abstract （2040）   HTML （84）    PDF（pc） （2779KB）（1874）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Nymphaea spp. (waterlily) are important aquatic flowers. The rapid development of the waterlily industry has led to challenges in identifying genetic backgrounds of newly introduced germplasms in a timely manner due to inadequate introduction management practices. This has resulted in issues such as mislabeling of seedlings and unclear parentage, hampering the effective utilization and innovation of waterlily germplasm resources. This study focuses on developing genome-wide SSR markers for conducting phylogenetic and genetic diversity analyses of waterlily species. These markers are intended to serve as a theoretical foundation for conserving and breeding waterlily germplasm resources.【Method】Based on the published complete genome sequence of waterlily, the SSR loci in 14 chromosome genes were analyzed using the micro satellite identification (MISA) tool. Subsequently, 150 pairs of SSR primers were designed with the assistance of Primer 3.0 software. Five native germplasms were chosen for PCR amplification utilizing the 150 primer pairs. Following PCR, SSR primers demonstrating high polymorphism were identified through agarose and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The selected SSR primers were synthesized with fluorescent primers (FAM and HEX) before amplifying 147 waterlily samples via PCR. The resulting products were then assessed using capillary electrophoresis, and the raw data were analyzed using GeneMarker software. Fragment sizes at each allele site for every sample were compiled into a 0/1 matrix. Genetic diversity indices, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis were computed using Popgenen and NTSYS software toos.【Result】11 pairs of SSR primers exhibiting distinct bands and high polymorphism were carefully chosen following the analysis of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results. These selected primers were employed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 147 waterlilies. Capillary electrophoresis revealed the presence of 307 alleles. The polymorphism index (PIC) ranged from 0.46 to 0.60, average at 0.53. The effective allele number (Ne) rangedfrom 1.042 8 to 1.117 5, with an average of 1.071 8. Nei’s gene diversity index (H) ranged from 0.038 0 to 0.086 2, averaging at 0.056 2. The Shannon diversity information index (I) ranged from 0.085 6 to 0.163 8, averaging at 0.114 4. Cluster analysis indicated genetic similarity coefficients ranging from 0.781 8 to 0.993 5 among the 147 waterlilies, with an average coefficiency of 0.899 2. These waterlilies were classified into six groups based on a genetic similarity coefficient was 0.879 0. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) displayed results closely aligned with traditional morphological classification for the 147 waterlilies. The first, second and third principal coordinates accounted for 16.54%, 8.35% and 5.43% of the total genetic variation, respectively, comprising 30.32% altogether. The first coordinate was correlated with aroma formation and stamen development, the second with flowering time and environmental adaptability, and the third with flower types.【Conclusion】11 pairs of SSR primers displaying substantial polymorphism were chosen, demonstrating efficacy in distinguishing the genetic relationships among 147 waterlilies. These waterlilies were systematically categorized into six primary branches, with classification outcomes mirroring traditional morphology categorizations. The selected 11 pairs of SSR primers have potential utility in analyzing genetic diversity and identifying waterlily species. The SSR markers findings stand poised to offer a robust scientific foundation for germplasm collection, preservation, innovation, and the development of waterlily species. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Conservation status and prioritization of rare and endangered plants in Jiangxi Wuyishan National Nature Reserve CHEN Lin, CAO Xiaomeng, PAN Tingting, LEI Ping, ZENG Lijian, LI Meng, YI Xiangui JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 39-47.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202212017 Abstract （2350）   HTML （98）    PDF（pc） （1499KB）（1799）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This research aims to determine the actual threat level and prioritize the conservation of rare and endangered plants in the Wuyishan National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province, provide a reference for the conservation of these plants in the nature reserve.【Method】Using the line transect method combined with historical literature, the endangered coefficient, genetic value coefficient, and species value coefficient were used to quantitatively analyze the conservation priorities of 113 rare and endangered wild plants in the Wuyishan National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province. The relationship between the rare and endangered plants of Wuyishan in Jiangxi Province and five adjacent areas, namely Wuyishan in Fujian Province, Tianmushan in Zhejiang Province, Lushan in Jiangxi Province, Wanchaoshan in Hubei Province, and Jinfoshan in Chongqing City, were compared using the Sorensen similarity coefficient.【Result】(1) There were 113 species of rare and endangered plants in the reserve, belonging to 47 families and 85 genera. Among these, there were 6 species classified as National Class Ⅰ, 15 species as National Class Ⅱ. 20 species were classified as Jiangxi Province Class Ⅰ, 11 species as Jiangxi Province Class Ⅱ, 55 species as Jiangxi Province Class Ⅲ, and 12 species endemic to Jiangxi. (2) According to the quantitative analysis of conservation priority, 17 species (15.04%) were assessed as first class, 41 species (36.28%) as second class, 54 species (47.79%) as third class, and 1 species (0.89%) as fourth class. (3) The similarity coefficient between Wuyishan in Jiangxi Province and the five adjacent areas were about 30%. However, Wuyishan in Jiangxi Province owned more rare and endangered plants (38 species) and a higher proportion of species per unit area (0.24), indicated a higher conservation value.【Conclusion】 The excellent habitats and abundant rare and endangered plants in Wuyishan in Jiangxi Province indicate a high conservation value. The assessment and classification of the 113 rare and endangered plants more accurately reflect their current situation in the Nature Reserve, providing a reference for effective conservation plans for threatened species. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Cloning of the Liriodendron chinense LcPIN1a genes and its effect on plant growth and development HAO Zhaodong, MA Xiaoxiao, WANG Dandan, LU Ye, SHI Jisen, CHEN Jinhui JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (6): 51-61.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202404005 Abstract （864）   HTML （48）    PDF（pc） （5246KB）（1797）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to explore the role of the auxin transporter PIN1 in plant growth and development in Liriodendron chinense.【Method】Three PIN1 homologous proteins were identified in the Liriodendron genome using bioinformatic methods, and expression pattern analyses of the three LcPIN1s genes were performed in different tissues and response to various abiotic stresses. An overexpression vector driven by the CaMV35S promoter was then constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis and Liriodendron×sinoamericanum, followed by phenotypic determination of growth and developmental traits in the transgenic positive lines.【Result】Three PIN1 homologous proteins were identified in the Liriodendron genome, named LcPIN1a, LcPIN1b and LcPIN1c. Expression pattern analyses showed that LcPIN1a was mainly expressed in leaves, while LcPIN1b and LcPIN1c were primarily expressed in roots and stems and stigmas when the plantlets transitioned into reproductive growth. In addition, all three LcPIN1 genes transcriptionally responded to drought stress, with LcPIN1b and LcPIN1c showing dependence on the biosynthesis of endogenous ABA, while LcPIN1a does not. Root length and plant height were significantly reduced in LcPIN1a-heterologous overexpression (LcPIN1a-HO) lines compared to wild-type Arabidopsis. The number of stamens was predominantly five in LcPIN1a-HO lines, whereas wild-type Arabidopsis typically contained six stamens. The regeneration of plantlets in LcPIN1a-overexpressing (LcPIN1a-OE) Liriodendron×sinoamericanum was significantly reduced compared to wild-type plants. In addition, the root length and plant height of LcPIN1a-OE regenerated seedlings were significantly lower than those of the wild type. The root structure of LcPIN1a-OE plants was significantly changed, with the taproot being less distinct.【Conclusion】The PIN1 proteins of L. chinense play a crucial role in vegetative and reproductive growth. Overexpression of LcPIN1 genes can be detrimental to normal plant growth and development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Analysis of genetic diversity and construction of core collections of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) natural population YAN Pingyu, ZHANG Lei, WANG Jiaxing, FENG Kele, WANG Haohao, ZHANG Hanguo JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 69-80.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202304035 Abstract （2237）   HTML （74）    PDF（pc） （2522KB）（1394）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) is a valuable tree species that is distributed throughout northeastern China. Over the past century, human interference has led to a gradual decrease in the number of individuals and distribution of its natural population. Assessing the genetic diversity and building a core collection of natural Korean pine could provide a scientific basis for the effective conservation, management, and utilization of Korean pine germplasm resources. 【Method】 A total of five well-preserved natural populations of Korean pine in Hebei, Wuying, Xiaobeihu and Jixi in Heilongjiang Province and Lushuihe in Jilin Province in northeast China were studied. A combination of phenotypic data and molecular markers was used to construct the core collection. 【Result】 Molecular and phenotypic ANOVA results showed that the genetic variation of Korean pine natural populations mainly originated from inter-individual differences, which accounted for 96% and 72.84% of the total variation, respectively. The Jixi population was genetically distant from other populations, with an average Fst of 0.026 8. It also had a high genetic diversity, with Shannon and phenotypic diversity index values of 1.111 and 2.00, respectively. The population structure analysis showed that the five Korean pine natural populations had no obvious subpopulation structure. There were no significant changes in the genetic diversity of Korean pine populations among the different forest ages. Additionally, in the younger forest there was no evidence of heterozygous deletions or inbreeding. There was a broad correlation between needle traits and geographic factors, resulting in the phenotypic differentiation of Korean pine populations. 【Conclusion】 The Shannon and phenotypic diversity indexes of the core collection constructed by combining molecular and phenotypic markers with a 30% sampling ratio were 1.076 and 2.018, respectively, which was representative of the genetic status of Korean pine populations. This information can be used to better manage the germplasm resources of Korean pine and promote its protection and use. The genetic structure characteristics indicated a need to focus on in situ protection of the natural germplasm and to promote ecological recovery, germplasm protection, and use of Korean pine. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Carbon dynamic simulation based on Biome-BGC model in mixed coniferous and broadleaved forest of Fengyang Mountain, Zhejiang Province HUANG Luyao, DU Shanfeng, JI Xiaofang, GUAN Xin, LIU Shenglong, YE Limin, JIANG Jiang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 11-20.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202211005 Abstract （1783）   HTML （123）    PDF（pc） （4196KB）（1226）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aims to investigate the carbon dynamics of subtropical mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests in Fengyang Mountain, Zhejiang Province and their response to climate change. 【Method】The Biome-BGC model was used to simulate the net primary productivity (NPP), gross primary productivity (GPP), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in Fengyang Mountain from 1979 to 2018, to investigate the relationships between climate factors and NPP at different time scales. Pearson correlation analysis and quadratic function fitting were performed between climate factors and NPP at different temporal scales to explore the relationship and response patterns between NPP and major climate factors, and finally, different climate scenarios were applied to predict the carbon cycling trends in Fengyang Mountain in the next 100 years. 【Result】The average values of GPP, NPP and NEP of mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests in Fengyang Mountain for 40 years were 1 392.94, 451.25 and 16.21 g/(m2·a), respectively. Except for 1984, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2010, which were carbon sinks and showed that the sensitivity of NPP to temperature change was the highest, and the increase of temperature in summer had a positive effect on the increase of NPP, while the increase of temperature in winter had a negative effect on NPP. To a certain extent, winter rainfall showed a positive effect on NPP, while summer precipitation showed a negative effect on NPP. The gross primary productivity of Fengyang Mountain forests in RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 scenarios will keep increasing in the 21st century, and by 2100, the GPP of the studied forests in Fengyang Mountain under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 scenarios will reach 1 552.73, 1 660.30 and 1 960.41 g/(m2·a), respectively, and get increased 1.38%, 8.41% and 28.00% relative to the GPP in 2018. 【Conclusion】Overall, the forest ecosystem of Fengyang Mountain exhibited carbon sinks under normal conditions, but the cloudy and rainy summer weather in the mountainous area inhibited the increasing effect of temperature on carbon sinks to some extent. The future warming, increased rainfall and higher CO2 concentration simultaneously will favor the vegetation growth of mixed coniferous forests in Fengyang Mountain. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The bird diversity spatial and temporal distribution patterns and its hotspot areas identification in Chengdu City REN Shichao, ZHANG Yinlong, CAO Mingchang, LIU Wei, QIAO Shufan, ZHU Xiaojing, LUO Kangning JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 189-196.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202212039 Abstract （1963）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （2513KB）（1190）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aims to explore the structural composition and spatial distribution patterns of bird communities in Chengdu, Sichuan, China, analyze the differences in bird diversity across various habitats and seasons, and identify bird hotspots to provide a basis for bird diversity protection in Chengdu and similar areas.【Method】In 2020, a survey of bird diversity was conducted across different seasons in 20 administrative districts of Chengdu using the line transect method and the sampling point methods. Species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson index, Pielou evenness index, and community similarity coefficient were calculated to analyze bird diversity in Chengdu. Additionally, 41 key bird species were selected and categorized into raptorial birds, terrestrial birds, natatorial birds, and wading birds based on their ecological habits. The MaxEnt model was used to predict the potential habitats of key birds and identify bird biodiversity hotspots in Chengdu.【Result】A total of 261 bird species across 17 Orders and 62 Families were identified, including one species under national first-class key protection and 29 species under national second-class key protection. Among these, there are 99 species of resident birds, 61 species of summer migratory birds, 60 species of winter migratory birds, and 41 species of transient birds. The number of bird species and individuals, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, the Simpson index, and the Pielou evenness index were highest in winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer. Among the six habitats studied, forests (200 species) and wetlands (169 species) had the highest bird species counts. Urban land and wetlands had the highest number of individual birds and population sizes. Forest habitats exhibited the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson index, while urban land had the highest evenness index. The MaxEnt model predictions showed that the distribution of raptorial birds was significantly influenced by land cover type, distance from lakes, and distance from forests. Terrestrial birds distribution was largely affected by distance from forests, altitude, and settlement density. The distribution of waterbirds, including natatorial birds and wading birds, was heavily influenced by land cover type and distance from lakes. Chengdu’s bird diversity hotspots are primarily located in nature reserves, the Longmen Mountain Range, Chaoyang Lake, Longquan Mountain Forest Park, Sancha Lake, Xinglong Lake, Qinglonghu Wetland Park, and along the Minjiang and Tuojiang Rivers.【Conclusion】The rich bird diversity in Chengdu is closely linked to its natural environment, characterized by extensive forest areas, high spatial heterogeneity, and abundant food sources, making it a crucial habitat for birds. Although wetlands comprise only about 2% of the city’s land area, they rank second to forests in bird richness and should be a focal point in future bird biodiversity conservation efforts. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Distribution patterns of ant species in southeastern Yunnan Province YANG Lin, ZHU Huiqin, XU Zhenghui, ZHANG Xinmin, ZHOU Xueying, XU Guolian, LIU Xia JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 204-210.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202211035 Abstract （1553）   HTML （41）    PDF（pc） （2570KB）（1189）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The study aimed to investigate the patterns and laws of ant species distribution, including the habitat, vertical distribution, foraging patterns and nesting sites in southeastern Yunnan Province, provide a scientific basis for biodiversity cataloging and protection in this area.【Method】The distribution patterns of ant species in southeastern Yunnan Province were investigated using the plot-sampling method, and the data were counted using the harvesting frequency method. The Pearson correlation between the altitude and species richness of the ants was analyzed using the SPSS 26 software. 【Result】 A total of 197 species of ants, belonging to 64 genera and nine subfamilies under the Formicidae family, were recorded from five vertical zones in southeastern Yunnan Province. The majority of ant species inhabited different vegetation zones; however, a few ants, including Aphaenogaster schurri and Lasius himalayanus, inhabited only a single vegetation type. Of the 13 habitats, the ants (87 species) were most abundant in the middle-and low-altitude monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest, and least abundant (eight species) in the high-altitude Quercus semicarpifolia forest. The majority of ant species had a narrow ecological adaptation range, and the height difference in vertical distribution was less than 500 m. A few species of ants, including Ectomomyrmex javana, Nylanderia flavipes, and others exhibited a wide ecological adaptation range, and the height difference in vertical distribution was greater than 2 000 m. There were differences in the foraging zones and nesting sites of the majority of ant species. A few species, including Crematogaster osakensis, Formica cunicularia and Dolichoderus taprobanae, foraged and nested in multiple sites, and the species that foraged on the ground and nested in the soil were the most abundant. Correlation analysis revealed that the altitude and species richness were significantly negatively correlated at 0.01 level of significance. 【Conclusion】There are abundant resource for ant populations in southeastern Yunnan Province, and the distribution patterns of ant species in the region are primarily related to the altitude, types of vegetation, and adaptability. The species richness was found to be high in the middle-and low-altitude areas, which have a hot and humid climate, rich vegetation types, and sufficient food resources and nesting sites; however, the ants in the high-altitude areas inhabited fewer habitats and their species richness was low due to the cold climate and single type of vegetation. The study revealed that the functional characteristics of the ants determine their viability. The majority of ant species exhibited a strict environmental selection, and there were obvious differences in the distribution patterns of different species. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on the dust retention effect and physiological-ecological response of Osmanthus fragrans YANG Jianxin, GUO Shuailong, MA Changle, LI Rui, GAO Can, KANG Xinling, LI Fulong JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2025, 49 (2): 1-11.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202308013 Abstract （903）   HTML （36）    PDF（pc） （1519KB）（1057）       Knowledge map    Save Vegetation effectively removes airborne particulate matter through “direct” and “indirect” pathways, each with distinct mechanisms and processes. Osmanthus fragrans, one of the top ten traditional flowers in China, is widely distributed in south of the Qinling Mountains across the subtropical regions. Research results indicate that this species plays a significant role in mitigating atmospheric particulate pollution and improving air quality by retaining particulate matter. We analyzed and summarized advancements in understanding the dust retention capacity of O. fragrans, emphasizing key quantitative indicators such as dust retention per unit leaf area, per single leaf, and the ability to retain particulates of various sizes. This study also explored spatiotemporal variations in dust retention and its impact on spectral characteristics, morphological structure, and physiological ecology. Differences in dust retention among O. fragrans varieties and habitats were attributed to genetic traits and environmental factors, including air pollution levels, leaf morphology, leaf area, phyllotaxy, inclination angle and crown shape. Key findings include the following:(1) Correlation with environmental pollution. Dust retention per unit leaf area was positively correlated with the background level of air pollution. (2) Influence of morphological traits: dust retention per single leaf was determined by leaf morphology and environmental conditions, though no significant correlation was found between single-leaf area and particulate retention capacity. (3) Plant-level variation. Total dust retention varied significantly among plants due to differences in leaf area across growth stages, health conditions, and locations. (4) Particulate size specificity. Leaves retained coarse particulates more effectively than fine ones, and dust retention showed predictable spatiotemporal variation. Diurnal and seasonal trends aligned with fluctuations in airborne particulate matter, with species- and region-specific saturation times. (5) Impact on leaf traits. Particulate retention altered leaf spectral characteristics, affecting morphology, functional traits, and adsorption capacity. These changes influenced physiological ecology, growth, floral fragrance, and ornamental value. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the ecological compensation mechanism and standards for Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park YAO Hongwen, WANG Shihong, ZHU Chenghao, LI Zuohui, CHENG Linghong, LIAN Jihe, LIN Jie JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 21-27.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202309044 Abstract （1557）   HTML （94）    PDF（pc） （1433KB）（934）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The study aims to establish a sound ecological compensation standard, which will provide a sustainable and stable financial guarantee for the construction of national parks. 【Method】 Taking the Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park as an example, this study calculated the upper and lower range of the national park compensation standard by comparing the difference values of provincial public welfare forests inside and outside the national park with regulating services and opportunity cost losses. 【Result】 Considering the value of forest ecosystem regulation services and opportunity cost losses comprehensively, the value of provincial public welfare forests within the national park reached 47 237.01 yuan/(hm2·a).Among them, the value of provincial public welfare forests regulating service function was 45 672.53 yuan/(hm2·a), which was 13 306.25 yuan/(hm2·a) higher than outside the scope, and the value of each regulating service was higher than that outside the implementation area. The opportunity cost loss of public welfare forests within the national park was 1 564.48 yuan/(hm2·a), which still showed a gap of 841.48 yuan/(hm2·a) compared with the current highest compensation standard of 723 yuan/(hm2·a) of the provincial public welfare forests. 【Conclusion】 At present, there was still a large gap between the ecological compensation standard implemented in Qianjiangyuan-Baisanzu National Park and that calculated based on the regulating service unit area and opportunity cost. In the future, we suggest that the compensation standard be gradually increased year by year, taking into account the actual development needs of the National Park. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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The sap flow characteristics and responses to branch and leaf pruning during reproductive phenological periods in Sapindus saponaria WANG Mianzhi, ZHENG Yulin, JIA Liming, LI Lu, LUO Shuijing, LIU Jiming, LIU Juntao JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (6): 13-22.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202204005 Abstract （835）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （2235KB）（848）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of sap flow velocity of Sapindus saponaria and its response pattern to pruning and meteorological factors during the key phenological periods, and to provide a theoretical reference for scientific water management during key reproductive phenological periods of Sapindus.【Method】The present study was conducted in the experimental area of the Sapindus National Forest Germplasm Repository in Jianning County, Sanming City, Fujian Province. Using five-year-old S. saponaria ‘Yuanhua’. Thermal dissipation probes (TDPs) and automatic weather stations were utilized to monitor sap flow and meteorological data from April 20, 2021 to November 9, 2021. The probes were installed approximately 30 cm above the ground to ensure that all probes were installed under the first branch. Sample trees in the pruning group were pruned once after inflorescence growth at the inflorescence growth period to remove branches and leaves that shaded the inflorescence from sunlight. Trees in the control group were left unpruned for comparison.【Result】The average daily sap flow velocity of S. saponaria showed a decreasing-increasing-decreasing trend over time during the seven key reproductive phenological periods. The strongest transpiration activities were (1.13±0.05)×10-3 cm/s (pruning) and (1.48±0.05)×10-3 cm/s (CK) in the early ovary growing period, while the weakest transpiration activities were (0.15±0.02)×10-3 cm/s (pruning) and (0.26±0.03)×10-3 cm/s (CK) in the fruit maturity period. Pruning significantly reduced the sap flow velocity of S. saponaria in all phenological periods, except for the bud swelling period. This reduction effect was more pronounced on sunny days when the tree was actively growing and was strongest at the end of the fruit development period. In addition, solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were the main drivers of sap flow velocity, while precipitation and air humidity were the main limiting factors. Meteorological factors, such as persistent rainfall, were the main limitations of the transpiration activity of S. saponaria from the bud swelling period to the early flowering period and middle fruit development period. Leaf aging and gradual dormancy of the tree were the main reasons for low sap flow velocity during the fruit maturity period.【Conclusion】Pruning significantly reduced the transpiration, with the reduction effect becoming more pronounced as the phenological periods progressed. There were large fluctuations in sap flow velocity throughout the reproductive growth of S. saponaria. Thus, these findings suggested that the water demand for tree and fruit growth is closely related to the water consumption behavior of trees. Meteorological factors, such as persistent excessive rainfall, during inflorescence growth and development are not conducive to transpiration. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Comprehensive effect of understory medicinal herb cultivation on individual volume growth in near-mature, mature and overmature Cunninghamia lanceolata forests YE Limin, XU Yuanke, ZHOU Yizhi, CHEN Zhenglu, WANG Yixiang, GE Hongli JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 48-56.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202312027 Abstract （1463）   HTML （90）    PDF（pc） （2936KB）（832）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 In the past, the understory planting was primarily conducted in young to middle-aged forests. However, with the advancement of public welfare forest development and the promotion of large-diameter timber cultivation, the issue of understory planting in mature stands has become an urgent research topic. This study aims to investigate the comprehensive effects of understory medicinal herb cultivation activities, including related shrubs cleaning up, land preparation, fertilization, routine care, and the growth of herbs, on the individual tree volume growth in mature Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) forests. 【Method】 A total of 10 plots with understory planting of medicinal herbs and 10 plots without understory planting were established in mature Chinese fir plantations within Daji Forest Farm and Caoyu Pond Forest Farm, Jingning She Autonomous County, located in the southwestern part of Zhejiang Province. The medicinal herbs have been growing for a period of three years. One average tree from each plot was selected for wood analysis. The impact analysis of understory planting was conducted using a widely adaptable linear modeling approach, considering the annual growth measurements of volume, diameter, and height over the past three years. 【Result】 Under the simultaneous consideration of factors such as age, diameter at breast height, tree height, density, and site index, understory planting of medicinal herbs showed a significant promotional effect on individual tree volume growth. 【Conclusion】 With appropriate measures, understory planting can still significantly promote the volume growth of mature Chinese fir trees. However, this promotion is constrained by the age of the tree. The linear modeling approach is particularly suitable for analyzing data in situations where complexity exists and strict experimental control is not feasible. This method offers flexibility and provides reliable results. In small sample cases when using this method, it is necessary to perform a series of checks on the data to determine if the conditions are met in the course of modelling. Application of remedial measures to data that do not meet requirements. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Effects of long-term nitrogen and phosphorus additions on soil organic carbon storage and its components in a subtropical forest CHEN Leiru, WEN Zhengyu, XU Xiaoniu, YIN Ruoyong, GAO Yu JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 139-146.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202301001 Abstract （1704）   HTML （64）    PDF（pc） （2319KB）（828）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of the present study is to simulate the effects of long-term nitrogen (N) deposition on soil organic carbon (SOC) and organic carbon storage in subtropical forests with phosphorus (P) limitation to investigate the effects of active SOC and soil organic nitrogen (SON) components on organic carbon storage under long-term N addition, as well as to provide the basis for soil carbon (C) sequestration capacity and sustainable management of subtropical forest ecosystems.【Method】In an evergreen broad-leaved forest of Zhawan Nature Reserve, Qimen County, Anhui Province, two sites were selected, the middle slope and flat ridge, for the present study. Three different N and P addition treatments were designed at each site as follows: control (CK, N and P addition of 0 kg/hm2 per year), N addition (N, N addition of 100 kg/hm2 per year), and N+P addition (N+P, N addition of 100 kg/hm2 and P addition of 50 kg/hm2 per year). There were three replicate plots of 30 m × 15 m for each treatment, with a total of 18 sampling plots. In October 2020, soil samples were collected from the 0-40 cm layer in each plot to determine SOC content, SOC storage, active SOC fraction, SON fraction, and other basic physicochemical properties. The collected soil samples were divided into two parts. One part of the soil sample was naturally air-dried, crushed, and passed through a 0.25 mm sieve for the determination of soil SOC and total nitrogen (TN) content. The other part of the soil sample was treated differently to determine soil SOC, SON fraction, and other physicochemical properties to investigate the effect of long-term simulated N deposition on the organic carbon storage capacity of subtropical forest soils, as well as the effects of SOC and SON fractions on organic carbon storage. 【Result】Compared to the CK treatment, N and P additions did not significantly change the SOC content and storage, but it significantly reduced the soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) contents. Correlation analysis showed that SOC storage was significantly and positively correlated with most soil physical and chemical properties but significantly and negatively correlated with pH and bulk density. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) explained 75.4% and 71.7% of the effects on SOC storage, respectively, while MBC and MBN explained 26.0% and 49.3% of the effects on SOC storage, respectively. There was no significant relationship between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and SOC storage, and DOC explained 11.4% of the effects on SOC storage.【Conclusion】Long-term N and N+P additions significantly reduce the C and N contents of soil microbial biomass and may be detrimental to SOC stocks, with POC and PON having the greatest impact on SOC storage. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Effects of litter decomposition of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba on soil carbon contents, nitrogen contents and enzyme activities in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations ZHOU Mengtian, LIU Li, FU Ruoxian, LI Xiaogang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 131-138.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202304024 Abstract （1614）   HTML （60）    PDF（pc） （2560KB）（820）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Litter regression can affect the soil carbon and nitrogen cycle, which is an important process of sustainable management and soil fertility maintenance in Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)plantations. The changes in soil carbon content, nitrogen content, and enzyme activity under the treatment of adding C. lanceolata and Schima superba litter were analyzed to provide the basis for nature-approximating transformation and stand management of C. lanceolata plantations.【Method】In the present study, 30-year-old C. lanceolata plantation soil was treated with C. lanceolata litter (S), S. superba litter (M), and a mixture of C. lanceolata and S. superba litter (mixed at a m (S):m (M)=5:1, SM). After 60 days of incubation, the content of ammonium nitrogen ( {\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}-N), nitrate nitrogen ( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-N), soil organic carbon (SOC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), hydrochloric acid hydrolyzed organic carbon (HHOC), alkaline-hydrolyzable organic carbon (AHOC), recalcitrant organic carbon (ROC), and enzyme activities (β-glucosidase(GC); β-N-acetylglucosaminidase(NAG); polyphenol oxidase(PPO); and leucine aminopeptidase(LAP)) in the soil were measured in the different treatments. The relationship among soil carbon content, nitrogen content, and enzyme activity in different treatments was analyzed, and the effects of different litter on soil carbon content, nitrogen content, and enzyme activity in C. lanceolata plantations were evaluated.【Result】The degree of humification in the soil treated with mixed litter was increased compared to the soils treated with either litter alone. In the single litter treatment, the degree of humification with S. superba treatment was low, and the proportion of soil recalcitrant organic carbon (ROC) was relatively higher. After 15 and 30 days of incubation, the soil GC, NAG and PPO enzyme activities with C. lanceolata litter were significantly higher than those with S. superba litter. The decomposition of mixed litter significantly improved soil GC and NAG enzyme activities. The results of redundancy analysis and correlation analysis showed that soil AHOC content was significantly positively correlated with soil GC enzyme activity. NAG enzyme activity was positively correlated with soil WSOC content and negatively correlated with {\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}-N content, while PPO enzyme activity was negatively correlated with {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-N content and positively correlated with ROC and HHOC contents (P<0.01).【Conclusion】The addition of different litters significantly affects the soil carbon content, nitrogen content, and enzyme activity in C. lanceolata plantations. Compared to the addition of S. superba litter, the addition of C. lanceolata litter results in a higher soil humification degree, as well as higher enzyme activities related to the carbon and nitrogen cycle. Further, the addition of both C. lanceolata and S. superba litter is more beneficial in improving the degree of soil humification, soil carbon invertase activity, and nitrogen invertase activity compared to the addition of either litter alone, thus ultimately benefitting the soil carbon and nitrogen cycle of C. lanceolata plantations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Induction and physiological regulatory mechanism of secondary flowering in Yulannia denudata CHEN Xiangbo, ZHANG Dongmei, FU Renjie, ZHANG Lang, SHEN Yamei, LUO Yulan, YIN Lijuan JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 97-104.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202301007 Abstract （1807）   HTML （84）    PDF（pc） （6803KB）（814）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to achieve the secondary flowering of Yulannia denudata through artificial induction and to explore the physiological regulation mechanism of flower bud differentiation and flowering induction in Y. denudata.【Method】Y. denudata plants were treated with nutrients and hormones. Flower buds were embedded in paraffin and sectioned to observe flower bud development, and endogenous hormone contents in flower buds at different stages were measured.【Result】Flower bud differentiation of Y. denudata began in early May when vegetative growth slowed down and was completed by early June. Secondary flowering within the same year was induced via treatment with exogenous hormones [6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and gibberellin A3 (GA3)] alone or in combination with nutrient applications [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sugars]. The secondary flowering rate ranged from 33% to 100%, with the maximum of 22 flowers per plant. During the maturation of flower bud differentiation, the levels of endogenous GA3 and abscisic acid (ABA) increased. The ABA content in flower buds decreased while breaking dormancy and flowering, whereas the content of endogenous auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and methylindole-3-acetic acid (ME-IAA) increased. Flower buds treated with exogenous cytokinins had higher levels of ME-IAA, IPA, jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and jasmonate (JA), while flower buds treated with exogenous gibberellins (GA3) had higher levels of endogenous trans-zeatin riboside (tZR), gibberellin A1 (GA1), and GA3. 【Conclusion】Exogenous hormones directly induce secondary flowering in Y. denudata without relying on nutrient treatments. Thus, different hormones may induce secondary flowering through various regulatory pathways. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Structural prediction of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Lymantria dispar and its molecular docking analysis with poplar secondary metabolites XIE Jiaming, CAO Chuanwang, SUN Lili, LI Mingjun, ZHANG Ruiqiong JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 211-220.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202212012 Abstract （906）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （4516KB）（813）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aims to determine the binding ability and mode of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Lymantria dispar to key poplar secondary metabolites, provide a foundational theory for the adaptation mechanism of LdGST to these metabolites. Additionally, The GST molecular simulation was used to identify the best binding secondary metabolites, offering a novel strategy for controlling Lymantria dispar.【Method】Homology modeling, multiple sequence alignment, and three-dimensional structure determination of 10 GSTs were performed using templates with over 30% similarity via the Swiss-model website. The 10 GST models were evaluated using SAVES software. The 3D structures of six poplar secondary metabolites were obtained from the PubChem website. Molecular docking of the 10 GST models with the six poplar secondary metabolites was conducted using Discovery Studio 2019 Client software, and docking results analyzed through combined energy and visualization.【Result】 The models obtained through homology modeling of the 10 GSTs met the criteria, with more than 90% of amino acids in the Ramachandran Plot’s most favored and additional allowed regions. The percentage of amino acids with a compatibility score above 0.2 between the three-dimensional and primary structures was over 80%, and the ERRAT value ranged from 91.73% to 97.82%, indicating the models were qualified. Molecular docking revealed that the binding of GST to poplar secondary metabolites involved hydrogen and covalent bonds. The optimal protein bindings were as follows: Salicin, LdGSTs2 with a binding energy of -45.70 kJ/mol. Caffeic acid, LdGSTz2 with a binding energy of -43.96 kJ/mol. Catechol and rutin, LdGSTz1 with binding energies of -25.86 and -95.46 kJ/mol, respectively. Flavonoids, LdGSTe2 with a binding energy of -32.49 kJ/mol. Quercetin, LdGSTo2 with a binding energy of -62.09 kJ/mol.【Conclusion】The binding energy of LdGSTs to poplar secondary metabolites are all below -5 kJ/mol, involving hydrogen and covalent bonds. The similar binding energy of the same poplar secondary metabolites to different GSTs suggests good affinity and stable intermolecular binding, with low specificity of GST for secondary metabolites. However, the affinity of the same GST to different poplar secondary metabolites varied. These results provide a theoretical basis for reducing insecticide resistance by incorporating secondary metabolites. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Acer truncatum seedlings in response to soil water and fertilizer coupling LI Panting, DU Manyi, WANG Yue, PEI Shunxiang, XIN Xuebing JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 113-122.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202302008 Abstract （1893）   HTML （65）    PDF（pc） （1794KB）（808）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This research aims to investigate the growth and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Acer truncatum seedlings in response to water-fertilizer coupling, and to analyze the optimal water-fertilizer combination for the growth of A. truncatum seedlings. 【Method】 One-year-old A. truncatum seedlings were subjected to varying water and fertilizer couplings in an orthogonal test design involving four factors and four levels of soil water content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, resulting in 16 treatments. Growth indexes, relative chlorophyll content of the leaves SPAD values, photosynthetic characteristics, and light response curves were measured after the treatments. 【Result】 The growth indices generally increased firstly and then decreased with increasing fertilization amount. At a soil water content of 75%,1.2, 1.8 and 0 g/plant of N, P, K, respectively, the diameter and total biomass of the plant were significantly higher than those of other treatments. Suitable soil water and fertilizer coupling could significantly improve the height, ground diameter, and total biomass of A. truncatum seedlings. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the utilization ability of low light among different soil water and fertilizer coupling treatments, and nitrogen fertilizer had significant effects on the maximum net photosynthetic rate and light saturation point of A. truncatum seedlings. In addition, there was no significant difference in water use efficiency (WUE) between the different treatments for A. truncatum seedlings. The seedlings grew normally even under lower water conditions, such as 45% soil water content, and exhibited strong drought resistance. The effects of soil water and fertilizer on the growth of A. truncatum seedlings were ranked from high to low as nitrogen fertilizer > soil water content > potash fertilizer > phosphate fertilizer, based on a comprehensive scoring method. The optimal combination of water and fertilizer was 75% soil water content, with fertilizer comprising 1.2 g of nitrogen, 1.8 g of phosphorous, and 0 g of potassium per plant. 【Conclusion】 Water-fertilizer coupling had a significant effect on ground diameter and biomass of A. truncatum seedlings, but an insignificant effect on seedling height, while soil water content and nitrogen fertilizer also had a significant effect on the growth indexes of the seedlings. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the appropriate use of soil water and fertilizer in A. truncatum. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Effect of variations in fertilization formula on the photosynthetic characteristics and growth of young Sapindus saponaria LIU Juntao, JIA Liming, YAN Xiaoli, ZHANG Weihua, CAI Wanting, ZHONG Jing, WANG Lixian, CAO Qiuli, ZHAO Pengli, CHEN Yiyong, YU Jiaxin, CHEN Na, WENG Xuehuang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (6): 23-33.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202303013 Abstract （708）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （1752KB）（808）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The study aimed to explore the effects of the combined application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the ‘Yuanhua’ and ‘Yueshuo Bodhi’ of Sapindus saponaria, and to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific fertilization of disease-free clones.【Method】Using the S. saponaria ‘Yuanhua’ and ‘Yueshuo Bodhi’ as the experimental materials, the “3414” field experimental method was used to study the effects of different N, P, and K fertilization regimes on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the S. saponaria.【Result】The tree heights of the offspring of S. saponaria were greatest following treatment with N2P1K2 and N2P2K3, being 28.42% and 39.14% higher, respectively, than that of the control, and the differences were found to be significant (P < 0.05). The ground diameter was largest following treatment with N1P2K1 and N2P3K2, and increased by 16.11% and 32.93%, respectively, compared to that of the control (N0P0K0). The tree heights and ground diameters of the ‘Yuanhua’ were in the following order: P > N > K, under different fertilization treatments, while those of the ‘Yueshuo Bodhi’ were in the order: N > K > P. The net photosynthetic rate of the ‘Yuanhua’ and ‘Yueshuo Bodhi’ was highest following treatment with N2P2K2 under different fertilization regimes, and increased significantly by 42.19% and 53.01%, respectively, compared to that of the control. The net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, rate of transpiration, and foliar water use efficiency of the treatment groups improved significantly; however, the stomatal conductance of the ‘Yuanhua’ did not alter significantly, and the stomatal conductance of the ‘Yueshuo Bodhi’ differed significantly, The quantity of N fertilizer applied exhibited a significant positive correlation with the tree heights and ground diameters of ‘Yuanhua’ and ‘Yueshuo Bodhi’ trees. The growth and photosynthetic indicators of the ‘Yuanhua’ and ‘Yueshuo Bodhi’ under different fertilization regimes were comprehensively evaluated using the entropy weighted TOPSIS method. The findings revealed that N2P1K2 and N1P2K2 were superior for the fertilization of ‘Yuanhua’ trees, while N1P1K2 and N2P2K2 were superior for the fertilization of the ‘Yueshuo Bodhi’.【Conclusion】The application of N, P and K at an appropriate ratio can effectively promote the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of ‘Yuanhua’ and ‘Yueshuo Bodhi’ trees. The optimal strategy for the application of N, P, and K fertilizers is that the quantities of N, P and K should be 115.26, 64.14 and 44.37 kg/hm2, respectively, for the ‘Yuanhua’, and 117.90, 87.65 and 36.11 kg/hm2, respectively, for ‘Yueshuo Bodhi’ trees. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Leaf phenotypic diversity analysis of holly germplasm resources WANG Xuejie, ZHOU Peng, HOU Sixuan, FANG Yanming, ZHANG Min JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 90-96.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202302015 Abstract （1715）   HTML （83）    PDF（pc） （1949KB）（798）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aims to understand the leaf phenotypic diversity of holly (Ilex spp.) germplasm resources, elucidate the mechanisms behind this diversity, and support the introduction, cultivation and breeding of new varieties. 【Method】 We observed 18 phenotypic traits across 42 holly germplasm resources and analyzed the phenotypic variation using differential analysis, variance analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. 【Result】 There was significant variation in the leaf phenotypic traits among the holly germplasm resources, particularly in leaf area. The Shannon diversity index ranged from 1.00 to 2.03, indicating rich phenotypic diversity primarily due to interspecies variation. Correlation analysis showed a significant negative relationship between external leaf traits and anatomical traits. PCA identified four principal components, namely leaf length, tissue compactness, palisade tissue thickness, and stomatal density, that accounted for 85.20% of the variation, effectively capturing the overall characteristics of the holly plants. Cluster analysis grouped the 42 resources into four categories based on their leaf traits: large leaf with large petiole, small leaf with small petiole, medium leaf with hard serrations, and medium leaf with thin texture. 【Conclusion】 The study confirms substantial intrageneric phenotypic diversity in holly, driven predominantly by interspecies differences. External leaf traits were pivotal in phenotypic differentiation. The identified principal components, namely leaf length, compactness, palisade structure, and stomatal density, are crucial for classifying and identifying holly germplasm resources. Based on the leaf phenotypes, the resources were categorized into four distinct groups, providing a theoretical foundation for further classification, resource utilization, and breeding within the genus Ilex L. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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An prediction of the potential distribution of suitable habitat for Grus leucogeranus using the MaxEnt model LIU Xiaoyan, ZHANG Zengxin, LI Jun, CHEN Juan, HUA Jun, PENG Ye, YAN Xin, QIU Jian JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 181-188.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202303053 Abstract （2057）   HTML （56）    PDF（pc） （3409KB）（774）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin are the most important wintering habitats for the Grus leucogeranus. However, in recent years, the distribution of suitable habitats for the G. leucogeranus in this area has been greatly altered by the combined effects of climate change and various other factors. Therefore, conducting research on the habitat suitability of G. leucogeranus in this area is of great significance for the protection and scientific management of this endangered species.【Method】In this study, based on the changes in the distribution of suitable areas of the G. leucogeranus wintering habitat in China, we used the Maximum Entropy Model (MaxEnt) to predict the potential suitable areas of the G. leucogeranus wintering habitat. The prediction was based on the G. leucogeranus distribution points, vegetation, topography, observed air temperature, precipitation, Global Climate Models (GCMs) data, and other various environmental factors.【Result】(1) The MaxEnt model proved highly effective in predicting the distribution of suitable habitats and assessing climate suitability for G. leucogeranus in their wintering grounds, with an AUC value of 0.978. The most influential environmental factors affecting the distribution of suitable habitat for G. leucogeranus were elevation, precipitation during the wettest month, slope, and NDVI. (2) The contemporary suitable habitat of the G. leucogeranus mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with the the Poyang Lake being the most important high suitable area for the species. The medium and low suitable areas also mainly distributed around the the Poyang Lake. In addition, low suitable areas were found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, along the coast of the Bohai Bay, and in the Haihe River, the Liaohe River, the Nenjiang, and the Songhua River basins. (3) Global climate model prediction results showed predictions indicate that the next 20 years, although the low suitable areas for G. leucogeranus during wintering is on the rise, the medium and high suitable areas generally decreasing. Among them, compared to the contemporary period, the medium suitable living area are projected to shrink by 2 500 to 25 700 km2, and the high suitable living area will shrink by 3 800 to 12 200 km2.【Conclusion】Different greenhouse gas emission scenarios will have different varying impacts on the distribution of G. leucogeranus. In the context of global warming, the wintering habitat of G. leucogeranus may shrink significantly, which will pose a serious challenge to the conservation of this rare species, and we should strengthen the research on G. leucogeranus habitat in the context of climate change, to provide data support for the conservation of G. leucogeranus and the management of their habitats. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Estimation of habitat suitability and climatic distribution change of Pegaeophyton scapiflorum based on the MaxEnt model LI Ruilan, FAN Jinya, ZHAO Qian, LI Tingju, WANG Chenghui, DING Rong, GU Rui, ZHONG Shihong JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 173-180.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202302003 Abstract （1590）   HTML （43）    PDF（pc） （3241KB）（768）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Pegaeophyton scapiflorum can be found mainly in the high altitudes of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China, and the traditional surveys are difficult to implement. This study explored the dominant climatic factors that limit the distribution of P. scapiflorum in China and simulated its suitable distribution areas. The goal was to provide a theoretical basis for the investigation and protection of wild resources of P. scapiflorum. 【Method】 This study was based on 88 distribution sites and eight environmental factor variables of P. scapiflorum in China. The MaxEnt model was employed to predict the changes in its potential habitat. Additionally, the possible influence of climatic change under the extremely pessimistic representative concentration pathways scenarios RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for the 2050s and 2070s were estimated. A comprehensive analysis of the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of P. scapiflorum was conducted. 【Result】 (1) The prediction accuracy of the MaxEnt model was high, and the AUC was 0.887. The prediction showed that P. scapiflorum is mainly located in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau currently. The highly suitable areas were mainly distributed in the Kailas Range, Himalayas, southern valley of Xizang, Qaidam Basin, Nyainqêntanglha Mountains, Tanggula Mountains, the southern section of the Aemye Ma-chhen Range, the northern part of the Songpan-Ganzi Plateau, and Hengduan Mountain. The total suitable area of the potential geographical distribution of P. scapiflorum was approximately 310 × 104 km2, including 80.81 × 104 km2 of highly suitable areas. (2) The main environmental factor variables affecting the potential geographical distribution of P. scapiflorum were geomorphology, temperature, and precipitation, among which dem, isothermality, and annual precipitation aere the key environmental factors. (3) Under different climate change models, the suitable habitat will be reduced by 24%-28% compared with the present situation by 2050s and 2070s. The highly suitable area would be downgraded to the medium or low suitable area to significantly reduce or even disappear, and the distribution center of P. scapiflorum tended to migrate to the westward and higher altitudes. 【Conclusion】 Study results are an important reference for the conservation, sustainable development, and utilization of wild resources and artificial cultivation of P. scapiflorum. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 0-0.   Abstract （945）      PDF（pc） （3276KB）（758）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The flowering phenology response of five early spring woody plants to the urban heat island effect in Nanjing SHI Lisha, WEN Shusheng, HUANG Xiaowan, HAN Qian, SHI Zhengyang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 228-234.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202208033 Abstract （1837）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （2686KB）（745）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】As an indicator of urban ecosystems, plant phenology can visually reflect the changes of ecosystem under the process of urbanization. In this study, we investigated the response pattern of flowering phenology of five common flowering woody species to the heat island effect in Nanjing, and provided data supplement for the response mechanism of vegetation phenology to the heat island effect in East China. 【Method】Based on Landsat 8 remote sensing data to invert the surface temperature of Nanjing, the urban heat island radio index (URI) was used to characterize the heat island intensity, and the combined with the flowering phenology observation data to quantitatively study the effect of urban heat island effect on the flowering phenology of plants.【Result】Nanjing showed a significant urban heat island effect. Heat island intensity ranking: central city > suburban area > remote suburban area. The sensitivity of the same plant to the heat island effect differed at different points. Among the five plants, Yulania denudata was the most affected by the heat island effect, with the flowering period advanced by four to 11 days and the flowering period duration shortened by up to 50%; Cercis gigantea, Malus halliana and Prunus yedoensis were affected to a similar extent and were at a medium level; Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum was the least affected, with the flowering period advanced by about two to four days and the flowering period duration shortened by about 19%. 【Conclusion】The heat island effect has a significant effect on the onset and duration of flowering periods of plants, and as the heat island effect increases, the onset, bloom and last flowering periods of plants tend to be earlier and shorter. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of extreme climate on the distribution and potential habitat of Hyphantria cunea in China XUE Mingyu, HAO Dejun, ZHAO Xudong, GENG Yishu, HU Tianyi, XIE Chunxia JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 197-203.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202212010 Abstract （1309）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （2626KB）（743）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aims to predict the potential habitat of Hyphantria cunea under extreme climate conditions in China. 【Method】The occurrence data of H. cunea were obtained. Contemporary and future bioclimatic variables and extreme climate index data were processed using ArcGIS and DIVA-GIS. Environmental variables with low correlation coefficients and high contribution rates were selected. These variables were input into MaxEnt to calculate the potential habitats of H. cunea for the contemporary period, 2021 to 2040, 2041 to 2060, and 2061 to 2080. The spatial changes in the habitats were expressed by the relative positions of the centroids of the habitats. 【Result】The maximum daily precipitation, warm spell duration index, percentage of nights when the minimum temperature is below the 10th percentile, and mean temperature of the wettest quarter were important variables affecting the distribution of H. cunea. The potential habitat of H. cunea was currently mainly distributed in eastern, northern, and northeastern China, as well as the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In the future, H. cunea might spread to southwest China, reaching Sichuan and Chongqing, with scattered distributions in Guangdong and Guangxi. 【Conclusion】The extreme precipitation is an important factor affecting the distribution of H. cunea. H. cunea is adapted to areas with stable climates. Predictions based on the extreme climate index indicate a risk that H. cunea will spread to southwest China in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Construction of natural landscape system in Jiangsu Province based on spatial distribution characteristics and ecological space identification TANG Xiaolan, CHEN Yalin, CHEN Qing, SONG Tianrui JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 156-164.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202208010 Abstract （1643）   HTML （57）    PDF（pc） （3727KB）（742）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aims to comprehensively protect, rationally develop as well as effectively utilize natural scenic resources and alleviate the fragmentation, islanding and uneven distribution of natural resource landscapes in Jiangsu Province.【Method】 Using ArcGIS spatial analysis technology, the spatial distribution characteristics of natural landscape resources in Jiangsu Province were obtained from the Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI) and results of the kernel density analysis and accessibility analysis. Also, based on the double evaluation' of the land and space planning and the natural environment of Jiangsu Province, an ecological protection evaluation, including evaluations of the ecosystem services and ecological sensitivity, was conducted. Based on the evaluation results, the ecological space of Jiangsu Province was delineated. The above results are superimposed with the corresponding physical and human geographical characterizations of Jiangsu Province. 【Result】 The distribution and regional differences of protected areas of natural landscape resources in Jiangsu Province were revealed, which provided a realistic basis for the selection of natural landscape patches, corridors and advantageous regions. Nine natural landscape patches, seven natural landscape corridors and two natural landscape dominant areas in Jiangsu Province were delineated. Also, a natural landscape system in Jiangsu Province was formed based on natural landscape resources dominated by patches, corridors and substrates. 【Conclusion】 The landscape system applied the spatial concept to the study of landscape resources. This approach helps to strengthen the connection between protected areas of natural landscape resources, improve the integration and optimization of resources, create a landscape pattern more suitable for the protection and development of natural landscape resources in Jiangsu Province, and provide effective guidance for the protection and construction of natural landscape resources in Jiangsu Province and a scientific basis for reasonable development and utilization. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Nitrogen, phosphorus contents and stoichiometric characteristics in different organs of three tree species in northeast China SUN Huizhen, LI Shan, LIU Shanshan, WANG Xingchang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 147-155.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202210003 Abstract （1467）   HTML （57）    PDF（pc） （1727KB）（739）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study is to investigate the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) allocation patterns in the above- and below-ground organs of three different tree species in northeast China, namely Populus davidiana, Fraxinus mandshurica and Taxus cuspidata, and to provide theoretical insights into the trade-offs and allocation strategies of nutrient distribution among tree species.【Method】Mature individuals of P. davidiana, F. mandshurica and T. cuspidata were selected as research subjects. The N and P contents in aboveground organs, i.e., leaves, twigs and belowground organs, i.e., coarse roots, fine roots, were analyzed and the allocation ratios of N and P contents in the leaves, twigs and roots were calculated. Standardized major axis regressions were employed to examine the relationships of N and P elements between aboveground (belowground) organs of three tree species and the bidirectional nutrient transport of the same elements between aboveground and belowground organs.【Result】(1)The N and P contents in the leaves of P. davidiana and F. mandshurica were similar. However, the N and P contents in the leaves of these two species were significantly higher and lower, respectively, compared to T. cuspidata (P<0.05). The twigs of T. cuspidata exhibited the highest N and P contents, while F. mandshurica had the highest P content in coarse roots and N and P contents in fine roots. The N content in coarse roots was similar among the three species. (2)The ratios of N and P contents in leaves to twigs and leaves to coarse roots were the highest in F. mandshurica and P. davidiana, respectively, while the ratios of leaves to fine roots were the lowest in F. mandshurica. (3)For P. davidiana and T. cuspidata, the aboveground and belowground organs showed an allometric and isometric relationship respectively between N and P contents, with the scaling exponent in belowground being approximately half of that in aboveground. In contrast, F. mandshurica exhibited similar scaling exponents aboveground and belowground, both exhibiting significantly greater than 1 allometric relationship. For P. davidiana, the slopes of both aboveground and belowground P in both directions are half of the corresponding N values. For T. cuspidata, the slopes of P content in the upward direction were also half of the corresponding N values, and the downward N and P relationships were not significant. For F. mandshurica, the slopes of N and P content in the upward direction were similar, whereas in the downward direction, the P content slope was approximately 2/3 of N.【Conclusion】In contrast to P. davidiana and T. cuspidata, F. mandshurica tended to allocate N and P to metabolically active organs such as leaves and fine roots. The relationships between N and P in aboveground (or belowground) organs and N and P between above- and below-ground showed distinct coordinations for F. mandshurica compared to P. davidiana and T. cuspidata. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Construction and application of the leaf area prediction model for young Quercus variabilis LI Hui, ZHANG Wan, CHANG Yihao, YANG Xia, XIAO Xiangwei, ZHU Jingle JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 246-254.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202208069 Abstract （1172）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （1940KB）（734）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The leaf area prediction model of young Quercus variabilis was established to apply a rapid and nondestructive measurement. The leaf shape variation and difference characteristics of 43 different Q. variabilis families were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for studying the genetic diversity and breeding of Q. variabilis. 【Method】A total of 43 Q. variabilis families were selected from different regions of China as the research objects. The optimal parameters of the leaf area prediction model were selected through correlation analysis and curve fitting analysis of leaf length, width, length-width ratio, length-width product, and measured leaf area.Through geometric model and curve fitting analysis, the optimal prediction model of the leaf area of young Q. variabilis was screened, and the results were verified. The differences in leaves among different families were analyzed by statistical description, one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis. 【Result】(1) Leaf length-width product (X1×X2) was significantly correlated with the leaf area of young Q. variabilis, and the prediction model of leaf area of young Q. variabilis could be established according to this combination index. (2) The leaf area prediction model of young Q. variabilis Y=0.595X1 ×X2+257.640 was the most accurate, R2=0.946, and the standard error was as low as 32.830 cm2, which could be used to predict the leaf area of young Q. variabilis.(3) The leaf indexes of the 43 Q. variabilis families had different degrees of variation. The differences in leaves among different families and within families were large. (4) The results of the correlation analysis between leaf traits and geographical information of origin showed no significant correlation between other indexes except leaf dry weight and annual precipitation. 43 families could not be classified independently, and the regularity was not strong. 【Conclusion】A more accurate prediction model of the leaf area of young Q. variabilis Y=0.595X1×X2+257.640 was established by using leaf length and width product as parameters, which provided an efficient and nondestructive method for obtaining the leaf area of Q. variabilis and provided a theoretical basis for breeding and family selection of Q. variabilis. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Management strategy of carbon sequestration forest under carbon sequestration price insurance GUI Zhi, PENG Hongjun, SHI Ligang JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 267-274.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202303026 Abstract （716）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （1728KB）（728）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Under the background of a “dual carbon” objective, the optimal management strategy of carbon sink forest under carbon sink price insurance was studied with the aim of providing a reference for decision-making of carbon sink forest management.【Method】 Taking the carbon sink price insurance contract composed of forest operators and insurance companies as the research object, the conditional value at risk (CVaR) measurement criterion and Stackelberg game model were used to study the management strategy of carbon sink under carbon sink price insurance.【Result】When the target price of carbon sink in carbon sink price insurance was low, the increase of risk avoidance degree of forest operators would reduce the planting scale of carbon sink forests, the total carbon sink, and insurance cost, but would increase the carbon sink per unit area. In contrast, when the target price of carbon sink in carbon sink price insurance was high, the planting scale of carbon sink forests, the total amount of carbon sink, and the insurance cost were not affected by the risk avoidance degree of forest enterprises. The results also showed that increases in the target price of carbon sink and the subsidy rate of carbon sink price insurance could increase the planting scale and the total carbon sink but reduced the carbon sink per unit area. In addition, if the government provided the same amount of premium subsidies to forest enterprises and insurance companies respectively, government subsidies for insurance companies could promote the growth of planting scale and total carbon sink more than subsidies for forest enterprises, but the marginal efficiency of both subsidy methods was decreasing. 【Conclusion】Forest enterprises can reduce the impact of their risk avoidance behavior on carbon sequestration forest management by purchasing carbon sequestration price insurance. When forest enterprises and insurance companies agree on the target price of carbon sink in carbon sink price insurance, they should set the target price of carbon sink within a reasonable range. The government can combine subsidies to forest enterprises and insurance companies to improve the quality and supply of carbon sinks. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Emerging academic trends at the ForestSAT 2024 Conference HOU Zhengyang, HUANG Huaguo JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (6): 1-4.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202410001 Abstract （1173）   HTML （41）    PDF（pc） （1539KB）（723）       Knowledge map    Save The Forest Spatial Analysis Technology (ForestSAT) Conference is a pivotal assembly in the global domain of forestry remote sensing, functioning as a vital gauge for advancements in this area of research. The ForestSAT 2024 was convented from September 9 to 13 in Rotorua, New Zealand, drawing academics from more than 40 nations to deliberate on 38 subjects, including statistical remote sensing, forest inventory, forest ecology, remote sensing algorithms, remote sensing products, and future trends. The conference underscored five significant aspects: firstly, the prominence of statistical remote sensing; secondly, the robust demand for remote sensing applications within forest ecology and inventory; thirdly, the accentuation on data fusion to capitalize on the strengths of multi-source and multi-modal data; fourthly, the vital support that remote sensing products contribute to the global “double carbon” strategy; lastly, the inquiry into future developmental trajectories for forestry remote sensing. During the event, two keynote speeches were presented, with additional avant-garde topics such as UAV remote sensing, upscaling, small-domain estimation, and error propagation. As an integration of sampling surveys, statistical models, and remote sensing technology, statistical remote sensing is instrumental in addressing the challenges of forestry remote sensing, elucidating the emerging developmental directions in this discipline. Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Changing features of habitat quality in Wuxi City based on InVEST model ZHAO Xiaoyu, WANG Yiming, HE Xu, LIU Xiaoyan, ZHANG Jiamin, DENG Yi, FENG Yao, CHU Lei, ZHANG Zengxin JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 165-172.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202204066 Abstract （1466）   HTML （68）    PDF（pc） （2276KB）（719）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Based on 30 m of high-resolution land use data of Wuxi City in 2000, 2010 and 2018, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model was used to reveal the changing features of habitat quality in Wuxi. Such information could provide a basis for ecological environment protection and restoration in Wuxi. 【Method】 Using the InVEST model, the habitat quality and habitat degradation degree of Wuxi during recent 20 years were simulated, and the relationship between the changes of land use, habitat quality and habitat degradation degree was analyzed by using the land use transfer matrix. 【Result】 In 2018, high-grade habitats in Wuxi accounted for approximately 31.11% of the city’s area, whereas the proportion of general grades was relatively higher, accounting for approximately 40.60% of the city’s area. The spatial distribution of habitat quality in Wuxi was various, with the high-grade habitats mainly distributed in Yixing City, Binhu District and other areas, while the low-grade habitats are predominantly located in the main urban area of Wuxi City and Jiangyin City. In the past 20 years, habitat quality in Wuxi has shown a significant degradation trend, of which the main urban areas of Wuxi such as Liangxi District and Jiangyin City have the most obvious degradation, whereas the degradation degree of Yixing City has not changed much. The changes of habitat quality and land use in Wuxi are inseparable, and among them, the construction land of Wuxi increased by approximately 12% from 717.40 km2 in 2000 to 1 291.40 km2 in 2018, and the area with increased construction land and the area where the quality of habitat decline is more obvious have good spatial consistency. 【Conclusion】 Degradation of habitat quality in Wuxi is closely related to the reduction of cultivated land area and the increase of urban construction land. Therefore, it is necessary to rationally use land, strictly control the scale of construction land, maintain the scale of ecological land use, and continuously improve the protection and restoration of wetlands. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Growth variation and superior families early selection of Larix olgensis free-pollinated families WANG Jiaxing, YAN Pingyu, SUN Baifei, LIU Jinhong, FENG Kele, ZHANG Hanguo JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 81-89.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202303014 Abstract （1778）   HTML （73）    PDF（pc） （1603KB）（715）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 We investigated genetic variation and stability in growth characteristics across 40 free-pollinated families from four Larix olgensis seed orchards located in different regions, aiming to identify superior families. 【Method】 We analyzed progenies from four L. olgensis locations namely Hegang, Linkou, Yongji and Dagujia. The study involved single-point analysis of variance (ANOVA), multi-point multi-year ANOVA, genetic parameter analysis, stability analysis, and breeding value estimation on tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) for trees aged 6-8 years to identify superior families. 【Result】 Single-point ANOVA results indicated significant differences in growth traits among families. Multi-point multi-year ANOVA revealed significant variations in the height of L. olgensis among families, locations, years, and their interactions. Genetic parameter analysis demonstrated that family heritability of height, ranging from 0.611 to 0.852 across sites, was greater than individual heritability, indicating strong genetic control. The phenotypic and genetic coefficients of variation at each site were 41.36% and 3.87%, respectively. Genetic gain in eight year height ranged from 23.35% to 38.89% at a 20% selection rate. Breeding value estimation identified high-yielding and stable families (CH309, CH349, HG5, BS349, and HG13) with an average breeding value of 0.528, an average height of 4.00 m (25.78% higher than that of the control), and an average stability parameter of 0.085, making them suitable for promotion in four locations. 【Conclusion】 L. olgensis exhibits rich genetic diversity in growth traits among families across different years and locations. The identified superior families are well-suited for cultivation in the three northeastern provinces and similar environments. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The tailwater purification effectiveness of three aquatic plants and their subsequent physiological changes aquatic XIA Tongtong, WU Yongbo, PU Keyi, WANG Mingli JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 221-227.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202304011 Abstract （1749）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （2174KB）（678）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aims to explore the effectiveness of hydrophytes in purifying tailwater from a sewage plant and the subsequent changes in their physiological characteristics. The results will provide a reference for the effective purification of tailwater and the selection of suitable hydrophytes for this task. 【Method】 Taking Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Typha orientalis and Iris pseudocorus as research objects, pot-control experiments were conducted to simulate the preparation of two different tailwaters, each characterized by different concentrations of contaminants. The removal effects on chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), and the subsequent physiological characteristics of the three hydrophytes in the two different tailwaters were analyzed. 【Result】 The three types of hydrophytes all had strong removal effects for COD, TN and TP in tailwater. The COD concentration in tailwater decreased from 61.42-107.28 to 8.63-16.20 mg/L, the TN concentration decreased from 24.49-31.54 to 0.40-7.90 mg/L, and the TP concentration decreased from 2.11-3.43 to 0.05-1.00 mg/L. The antioxidant enzyme activity and relative conductivity of S. tabernaemontani and I. pseudocorus increased in the tailwater, while the peroxidase activity and relative conductivity of T. orientalis decreased significantly (P <0.05), and the catalase activity increased significantly (P <0.05). The chlorophyll content of all three hydrophytes in the tailwater decreased significantly (P <0.05), while the photosynthesis of S. tabernaemontani decreased in the tailwater with the higher concentration of contaminants. 【Conclusion】 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, T. orientalis and I. pseudocorus had significant removal effects on COD, TN and TP in the tailwater. The physiological metabolism of hydrophytes was affected following the exposure to the tailwater. It was concluded that S. tabernaemontani and T. orientalis can be planted together for purifying tailwater with low concentrations of contaminants, while I. pseudocorus can be used for the purification of severely contaminated tailwater. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Softwood cutting technology for Acer truncatum and physiological and biochemical analysis during rooting process WANG Yuxiao, ZHANG Bin, MA Qiuyue, FU Wei, KANG Zhen, ZHU Changhong, LI Shuxian JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 123-130.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202208015 Abstract （2623）   HTML （67）    PDF（pc） （1786KB）（669）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 In order to investigate the effects of different treatments on the rooting of softwood cuttings of Acer truncatum and find the best treatment method. We analyzed the relationship between changes in nutrient content, oxidase activity, and rooting of cuttings, and preliminarily explored the rooting mechanism of A. truncatum. 【Method】 Using rejuvenated A. truncatum trees and three-year-old A. truncatum mother trees as study materials, we conducted an analysis of the effects of growth regulators [indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and a rooting solution], cutting positions (upper and lower parts), rejuvenation, and cutting time (June and September) on the rooting of A. truncatum. Furthermore, we examined the rate of root growth, callus formation, number of roots, root length, and other indicators of root development. Additionally, changes in nutrient contents (soluble sugar and soluble protein) and changes in oxidase activity [peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and indole-3-acetic acid oxidase (IAAO)] were measured during the rooting process. 【Result】 The optimum IBA and NAA concentrations were 500 and 800 mg/L respectively, and the rooting rates were 59.3% and 52.7%, respectively. The optimal concentration for the rooting solution was a 1.43% volume fraction (70-fold) dilution, which achieved a rooting rate of 43.9%. Significant differences were observed among the three treatments, with all rooting indexes of cuttings treated with growth regulators performed better than those of the control. Additionally, the rooting effect of cuttings in June was better than that in September; the rooting effect of rejuvenated mother trees was better than that of 3-year-old trees; and the rooting effect of upper cuttings was better than that of lower cuttings. There were substantial differences observed following these treatments. During the rooting of the cuttings, the changes in the soluble sugar content following the treatment displayed a decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend. The soluble protein content, POD activity, and PPO activity initially increased and then decreased. However, the IAAO activity displayed a trend of decrease-increase-decrease. The control group exhibited a similar changing trend to that of the treatment group, but the peak time for the treatment group was 5-10 days earlier than that of the control. 【Conclusion】 The adventitious root formation of A. truncatum was categorized as a mixed rooting type. When the upper cuttings of rejuvenated mother trees were treated with IBA 500 mg/L, all rooting indexes were optimized, and the rooting rate peaked at 81.3%. Growth regulator treatment can improve the metabolism rate of nutrients and the synthesis process of related oxidase, and has a facilitative effect on the rooting of cuttings. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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A study on photosynthetic characteristics and influencing factors of four kinds of garden trees in Zhengzhou LI Ximei, ZHAO Junjing, HUI Yi, HUANG Xin, GAO Chunyu, NIU Yaxuan, LIAO Xiaoyu, YU Chenyi JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 105-112.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202402009 Abstract （2008）   HTML （76）    PDF（pc） （1721KB）（659）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Four common garden trees in Zhengzhou City, including Ligustrum lucidum, Magnolia grandiflora, Platanus orientalis and Styphnolobium japonicum, were selected as the study subjects. Our study provide a theoretical basis for the ecological construction of green space and the selection of tree species of Zhengzhou City from the perspective of physiological environment. 【Method】 Photosynthetic characteristics, leaf surface dust retention, and temperature and humidity of the growth environment were measured in different seasons to reveal the effects of physiological and environmental factors on net photosynthetic rate in the plants. Two-factor analysis of variance was used to compare the differences in photosynthetic characteristics of distinct species in different seasons. The interactions between different factors and their effects on plant photosynthetic rate were explored through generalized linear mixed models and structural equation models. 【Result】 There were significant differences in the net photosynthetic rate of the four garden trees in different seasons (P<0.05),and the net photosynthetic rate of Styphnolobium japonicum was significantly higher than that of other species. The net photosynthetic rate for each species was significantly higher in summer than in the other seasons. Physiological factors (stomatal conductance and transpiration rate) and environmental factors (dust retention and humidity) were significantly correlated with net photosynthetic rate (P<0.05). Humidity had the most significant direct and indirect effects on the net photosynthetic rate of plants and was the key environmental factor affecting plant photosynthesis. 【Conclusion】 The net photosynthetic rate of S. japonicum is higher than that of other tree species, and there is strong correlation between environmental and physiological factors of L. lucidum and M. grandiflora. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatial correlation and influencing factors of carbon emission efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta city cluster QUAN Tianshu, ZHANG Hui, XU Yuyun JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (6): 217-228.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202305002 Abstract （924）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （3058KB）（615）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In the context of the “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality” goal, determining the spatial network pattern of carbon emission efficiency and its influencing factors in the Yangtze River Delta city cluster will promote the construction of low-carbon ecological cities and establish an inclusive green growth mechanism.【Method】Based on the slack-based measured directional distance function model, the global Malmquist-Luenberger index, and the kernel density estimation method, accurate measurements were obtained and an analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the carbon emission efficiency level of the Yangtze River Delta urban city cluster was conducted for the period of 2008 to 2020. The spatial correlation structure and factors influencing the carbon emission efficiency of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster were visualized by a modified gravity model and social network analysis.【Result】(1) The dynamic efficiency of carbon emissions was found to be generally increasing, but there were significant inter-regional differences and a spatial diffusion effect. (2) Based on network density, correlations and network efficiency, the network stability of carbon emission efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta cities was considered to be high, but the network centrality displayed unbalanced characteristics. (3) There were obvious gradient characteristics among the spatial network segments of carbon emission efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta city cluster. (4) Government macro-control, environmental regulation, industrial structure, external development, green innovation, and new urbanization were the main driving factors of the evolution of spatially linked networks.【Conclusion】Promoting the carbon emission efficiency of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster through mutual cooperation and learning among cities, bringing into play the spatial radiation effect of core cities, optimizing industrial structure, and improving the level of new urbanization could promote the integrated ecological and green spatial development of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0） Cited:

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Differential proteomic analysis on dormant and dormancy releasing seeds of Cercis chinensis SUN Yonglian, GAO Yunpeng, HOU Jing, WANG Wenwu, WU Xuelian, LI Shuxian JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2025, 49 (3): 137-143.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202304028 Abstract （1106）   HTML （195）    PDF（pc） （2123KB）（602）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study investigated proteom-level changes between dormant and broken dormancy seeds of Cercis chinensis to get a better understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms underlying seed dormancy and germination.【Method】The mature seeds were soaked in hot water until they reached a constant weight, and then subjected to stratification treatment mixed with moisture sand in a 4 ℃ environment until dormancy was released and germination occurred. Label-free quantitative proteomics and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to perform proteome quantitative and qualitative analysis on dormant and dormancy-broken seeds after 45 days of cold stratification were performed based on, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis was also conducted to explore the expression and function mechanism of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between dormant and dormancy-broken seeds, and to discuss the proteins and its mechanisms related to the dormancy release.【Result】A total of 3 928 proteins were identified in this study, with 3 122 proteins were detected in dormant samples and 3 758 proteins were detected in dormancy-broken samples. After screening the proteins based on the standard of fold changes greater than 2.0 and P<0.05, we filtered 1 031 DEPs. Among these, 779 proteins were up-regulated and 252 proteins were down-regulated. The DEPs were annotated using GO annotation into three categories and 49 subcategories of biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions. The annotated DEPs were closely related to metabolic processes, enzyme catalytic activity, synthesis of cellular components, and stress response. In addition, the KEGG metabolic pathway annotation results showed that 1 012 DEPs were annotated, involving 264 pathways. The DEGs were mainly associated with carbon metabolism, polysaccharide decomposition, and protein processing. The significant enrichment results revealed seven pathways, mainly involving the hormone synthesis, secondary metabolite synthesis, and lipid metabolism. The highly abundant DEPs that may be linked to dormancy breaking are proteins related to β-glucosidase activity, ubiquinone, terpene quinone organisms related proteins, and glyoxylic acid cycle-related proteins. 【Conclusion】This study demonstrates that the dormancy release of C. chinensis seeds is a complex biological process that involves cell morphological changes, enzyme catalysis, polysaccharide decomposition and hormone signal transduction. The release of dormancy is regulated by the interaction of multiple metabolic pathways. Further research is needed to study the molecular mechanism of dormancy release using molecular biological methods such as transcriptomics and metabonomics. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A single tree leaf area prediction model in the Larix olgensis and Fraxinus mandshurica mixed forest WANG Yue, MIAO Zheng, HAO Yuanshuo, LIU Xin, DONG Lihu JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 235-245.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202311012 Abstract （1370）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （2160KB）（590）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Using tree-level variables and single-tree competition indicators, a nonlinear mixed-effects model was used to construct a single-tree leaf area model of Larix olgensis-Fraxinus mandshurica, providing a theoretical basis for further research on stand productivity and canopy structure.【Method】 A total of 111 Larix olgensis plants and 113 Fraxinus mandshurica plants were selected from different mixing proportions of Larix olgensis-Fraxinus mandshurica mixed forest in Shangzhi City, Heilongjiang Province, and their leaf areas were measured. The whole subset regression method was used to establish a nonlinear single-tree leaf area prediction model for the two tree species. The contribution of each variable to the model was analyzed through the relative weight method. Simultaneously, the random influence of the sample plot on leaf area was considered, a mixed effect model was constructed, and the model was evaluated.【Result】 The optimal mixed effect model of larch single-tree leaf area considering random effects at the plot level was composed of PCR (crown ratio), DBH (diameter at breast height, DBH), and PHDH (ratio of forest tree height to the average height of dominant trees in the forest stand), including one random effect parameter. The R_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}^2 of the model was 0.89, root mean square error (RMSE) was 11.68 m2, mean deviation (ME) was -0.202 7 m2, mean absolute deviation (MAE) was 7.943 0 m2, and prediction accuracy (Pa) was 99%. The optimal mixed effect model of ash single-tree leaf area considering the random effect at the plot level consists of PCR, DBH, PHDH, and PCW (crown width), including one random effect parameter, The R_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}^2 of the model was 0.87, RMSE was 13.61 m2, ME was -0.281 7 m2, MAE was 9.397 6 m2, and Pa was 99%, all of which had good fitting effects. The relative weight calculation results showed that in the optimal model, DBH was the variable that has the greatest impact on the single-tree leaf area of Larix olgensis and Fraxinus mandshurica. 【Conclusion】 The mixed effect model considering the plot level improves the accuracy of predicting the leaf area of single trees of the two tree species. DBH is the variable that has the greatest impact on the leaf area of a single tree. It is necessary to consider tree competition variables in leaf area models of mixed forests. The model constructed in this study can provide technical support for accurately predicting the leaf area of single trees of Larix olgensis-Fraxinus mandshurica and can help with conducting in-depth research on the growth, development, and crown structure of the forest stand. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A new Agapanthus praecox cultivar ‘Qingwen’ WANG Chengzhong, GENG Xiaodong, LI Chenghui, YIN Yuansen, ZHANG Yan JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (5): 276-276.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202405006 Abstract （693）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （1797KB）（589）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Time lag of sap flow characteristics and their response to inflorescence shading and pruning of leaves and branch for Sapindus saponaria CAI Wanting, JIA Liming, WANG Mianzhi, ZHENG Yulin, LI Lu, LUO Shuijing JOURNAL OF NANJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY    2024, 48 (6): 5-12.   DOI: 10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202403022 Abstract （872）   HTML （24）    PDF（pc） （1517KB）（551）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aims to investigate the time lag characteristics of sap flow during reproductive phenological periods in Sapindus saponaria and the effect of shading inflorescence branching and leaf pruning on the time lag of sap flow.【Method】In the experimental area of the Sapindus saponaria National Forest Germplasm Repository in Jianning County, Fujian Province, five-year-old S. saponaria ‘Yuanhua’ asexual lines were employed as experimental materials. Sap flow was measured using a thermal diffusion probe, and environmental factors including photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature (Ta), and relative air humidity (RHa) were simultaneously measured during the reproductive growing season.Time lags between sap flow velocity and the dominant environmental factors were analyzed using the mismatch correlation method.【Result】PAR and VPD were the dominant environmental factors affecting sap flow, independent of pruning treatments. On typical sunny days, the relationship between sap flow and these environmental factors showed a “hysteresis loop”, with PAR responsed in a counterclockwise direction and VPD responsed in a clockwise direction. Across six reproductive phenological periods (bud swelling, flowering, early ovary growing, fruit developmet, fruit colour change, fruit ripening), the control (CK) and pruning group sap flow lagged PAR by 10, 10, 0, 10, 20, 50 min and 0, 20, 10, 10, 20, 50 min, respectively; and advanced VPD by 160, 120, 90, 90, 130, 100 min and 190,110, 70, 90, 130, 100 min at six key reproductive phenological periods.【Conclusion】The time lag between sap flow and dominant environmental factors varied across different reproductive phenological periods. Pruning impacted these time lags differently: it reduced the time lag of Fd-PAR during bud swelling and increased it during the flowering and early ovary growing periods, while it had the opposite effect on Fd-VPD. This study provides a scientific foundation for accurately evaluating the influence of environmental factors on the water consumption of forest trees and contributes to the development of more precise models to simulate daytime transpiration processes. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）